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Introduction To Static Analysis: Reference Manual Chapter 9
Introduction To Static Analysis: Reference Manual Chapter 9
STATIC ANALYSIS
● Special design
considerations
Estimated Maximum
Scour Depth
Qu = Rs + Rt
Qu = fs As + qt At
TRANSFER
vs Depth vs Depth
Rs = 0
Rs
Rt
Rt
Uniform
Rt Rs
Triangular
Rt Rs
STUDENT EXERCISE #1
9-14
Static Analysis
- Single Piles
F=Nμ
Friction Force, F
1 μ = coefficient of friction between
material 1 and material 2
F
Tan () = F/N
F = N TAN ()
N
Soil on Soil, we use phi = angle such that TAN ()
is coefficient of friction between
Soil on Pile, we use δ material 1 and material 2
METHODS OF STATIC ANALYSIS FOR PILES IN COHESIONLESS SOILS
Method Approach Design Advantages Disadvantages Remarks
Parameters
Meyerhof Empirical Results of Widespread use of Non Due to non
Method SPT tests. SPT test and input reproducibility of reproducibility of N
data availability. N values. Not values and
Experience N Simple method to as reliable as the simplifying
use. other methods assumptions, use
presented in this should be limited to
chapter. preliminary
estimating
purposes.
Brown Empirical Results of Widespread use of N60 values not Simple method
Method SPT tests SPT test and input always based on
based of N60 data availability. available. correlations with 71
values. Simple method to static load test
use. results. Details
provided in Section
9.7.1.1b.
Nordlund Semi- Charts Allows for No limiting value Good approach to
Method. empirical provided by increased shaft on unit shaft design that is
Nordlund. resistance of resistance is widely used.
Estimate of tapered piles and recommended Method is based on
Part Theory soil friction includes effects of by Nordlund. field observations.
FHWA Part angle is pile-soil friction Soil friction Details provided in
Experience needed. coefficient for angle often Section 9.7.1.1c.
different pile estimated from
materials. SPT data.
9-19
METHODS OF STATIC ANALYSIS FOR PILES IN COHESIONLESS SOILS
Method Approach Design Advantages Disadvantages Remarks
Parameters
Effective Semi- Soil β value considers Results effected Good approach for
Stress empirical classification pile-soil friction by range in β design. Details
Method. and estimated coefficient for values and in provided in Section
friction angle different pile particular by 9.7.1.3.
for β and Nt materials. Soil range in Nt
selection. resistance related chosen.
to effective
overburden
pressure.
Methods Empirical Results of Testing analogy Limitations on Good approach for
based on CPT tests. between CPT and pushing cone into design. Details
Cone pile. Reliable dense strata. provided in Section
Penetration correlations and 9.7.1.7.
Test (CPT) reproducible test
data. data.
9-19
Nordlund Data Base
Timber, H-piles, Closed-end Pipe,
Pile Types Monotube, Raymond Step-Taper
Qu = (KδCFpd(sinδ)CdD) + (αtN’qAtpt)
RS RT
Nordlund Shaft Resistance
Rs = Kδ CF pd sinδ Cd D
K = coefficient of lateral earth pressure Figures 9.11 - 9.14
CF = correction factor for K when ≠ Figure 9.15
pd = effective overburden pressure at center of layer
= friction angle between pile and soil Figure 9.10
Cd = pile perimeter
D = embedded pile length
Nordlund Toe Resistance
RT = T N’q pT AT
Lesser of
RT = qL AT
T = dimensionless factor Figure 9.16a
N’q = bearing capacity factor Figure 9.16b
AT = pile toe area
pT = effective overburden pressure at pile toe ≤ 150 kPa
qL = limiting unit toe resistance Figure 9.17
Nordlund Method
Ru = RS + RT
and
Qa = RU / FS
STEP 1 Delineate the soil profile into layers and determine the
angle for each layer
b. Correct SPT field N values for overburden pressure using Figure 4.4
from Chapter 4 and obtain corrected SPT N' values. Delineate soil
profile into layers based on corrected SPT N' values.
c. Determine angle for each layer from laboratory tests or in-situ data.
9-42
Cohesive Soils, Undrained Strength
= zero
c
α-Method Empirical, Undrained shear Simple calculation Wide scatter in Widely used
(Tomlinson total stress strength estimate from laboratory adhesion versus method
Method). analysis. of soil is needed. undrained shear undrained shear described in
Adhesion strength values to strengths in Section
calculated from adhesion. literature. 9.7.1.2a.
Figures 9.18 and
FHWA 9.19.
9-43
Tomlinson or α-Method
fs = ca = αcu
Where:
ca = adhesion (Figure 9.18)
α = empirical adhesion factor (Figure 9.19)
9-42
Tomlinson or α-Method
Rs = fs As
Where:
As = pile surface area in layer
(pile perimeter x length)
H piles use “box” area – 4 sides, pg 45
Tomlinson or α-Method (US)
Figure 9.18
Concrete, Timber, Corrugated Steel Piles D = distance from ground surface to bottom of
clay layer or pile toe, whichever is less
Smooth Steel Piles
b = Pile Diameter
Tomlinson or α-Method
Sand or
Sandy Gravels
D Stiff Clay
b
Tomlinson or α-Method (US)
Soft Clay
D Stiff Clay
b
Tomlinson or α-Method (US)
D Stiff Clay
b
Tomlinson or α-Method (US)
b = Pile Diameter
9-48 Figure 9.19b
Tomlinson or α-Method
qt = cu Nc
Where:
cu = undrained shear strength of the soil at pile toe
Rt = qt At
Ru = RS + RT
and
Qa = RU / FS
STUDENT EXERCISE #2
Use the α-Method described in Section 9.7.1.2a and the Nordlund Method
described in Section 9.7.1.1c to calculate the ultimate pile capacity and
the allowable design load for a 12.75 inch O.D. closed end pipe pile driven
into the soil profile described below. The trial pile length for the calculation
is 63 feet below the bottom of pile cap excavation which extends 3 feet
below grade. The pipe pile has a pile-soil surface area of 3.38 ft2/ft and a
pile toe area of 0.89 ft2. Use Figure 9.18 to calculate the shaft resistance
in the clay layer. The pile volume is 0.89 ft3/ft. The effective overburden
at 56 feet, the midpoint of the pile shaft in the sand layer is 3.73 ksf, and
the effective overburden pressure at the pile toe is 4.31 ksf. Remember,
the soil strengths provided are unconfined compression test results (cu =
qu / 2).
Soil Profile
3 ft
Silty Clay
= 127 lbs / ft3
qu = 5.46 ksf
46 ft
Set-up Factor = 1.75
STEP 10
9-82
Lateral Capacity of Single Piles
• Potential sources of lateral loads include
vehicle acceleration & braking, wind
loads, wave loading, debris loading, ice
forces, vessel impact, lateral earth
pressures, slope movements, and
seismic events.
• These loads can be of the same
magnitude as axial compression loads.
Lateral Capacity of Single Piles
• Historically, prescription values were
used for lateral capacity of vertical piles,
or battered (inclined) piles were added.
– Analytical methods
• Broms’ method, 9-86, (long pile, short pile)
• LPILE program
• FB-PIER
9-85
Figure 9.36 Soil Resistance to a Lateral Pile Load (adapted from Smith, 1989)
9-83
NIM
Figure 9.44 LPILE Pile-Soil Model
9-101
NIM
Figure 9.45 Typical p-y Curves for Ductile and Brittle Soil (after Coduto, 1994)
9-102
Figure 9.47 Comparison of Measured and COM624P Predicted Load-Deflection
Behavior versus Depth (after Kyfor et al. 1992)
9-93
Integrate
Differentiate
9-92
ANY QUESTIONS ?