Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering

CENG6506 Earthquake Engineering

By
Kabtamu Getachew, PhD in Civil Engineering, Concrete Structures and Earthquake
Analysis
,Jimma University, Jimma Institute of Technology ,Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
June 2021

1
2.Earthquake Response of
Linear SDOF Systems
 Outline of presentation
• Earthquake analysis of linear systems
• Review of basic concepts of structural dynamics in SDOF
systems
• Earthquake response of linear systems
• Response Spectra: definition, construction, behavior, etc.
• Construction of elastic design spectra
• Relative versus Pseudo velocity and acceleration spectra
Earthquake analysis methods
 Earthquake analysis methods

Equivalent static analysis (ESA or ELF)

acceptable results for regular structures
Nonlinear Static Analysis ( Pushover Analysis)
Dynamic analysis
Linear Response spectrum analysis (RSA)
satisfactory for majority of the cases
Linear Response history analysis (RHA or THA)
can be used to model nonlinear behavior depending on the nature of the site, size and
sensitivity of the structures
Nonlinear THA (may include soil-structure interaction)
only for special structures
Ground Motion
GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS
GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS
GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS
GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS
 GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS
2. Frequency Content of Motion

a. Response spectrum
A response spectrum is simply a plot of the peak response (displacement, velocity or acceleration)
of a number of SDOF systems of varying Natural period or Frequency, that are subjected to same
base vibration. The resulting plot can then be used to find the response of any structure, knowing
its Natural Period.
b. Fourier Spectra
The plot of Fourier amplitude or phase angle of input time history vs.Time period or Frequency is
known as Fourier Spectra. The Fourier amplitude spectrum provides inputs on the frequency
content of the motion and helps to identify the predominant frequency of motion.
c. Power Spectra
Frequency contents of ground motion can also be represented by a power spectrum or power
spectral density function.
3. Duration of strong Motion
Several definition have been proposed for the strong motion duration of an accelerogram. Duration
of strong motion as the interval in which 90% of the total contribution to the energy of the
accelerogram.
Introduction Linear Response Analysis
In order to perform the seismic analysis and design of a structure to be built at a
particular location, the actual time history record is required.
• However, it is not possible to have such records at each and every location.
• Further, the seismic analysis of structures cannot be carried out simply based
on the peak value of the ground acceleration as the response of the structure
depend upon the frequency content of
ground motion and its own dynamic properties.
• To overcome the above difficulties, earthquake response spectrum is the most
popular tool in the seismic analysis of structures
 Introduction Linear Response Analysis
• Response spectrum is an important tool in the seismic analysis and design of
structures.
• It describes the maximum response of damped single degree of freedom system
to a particular input motion at different natural periods.
• Response spectrum method of analysis is advantageous as it considers the
frequency effects and provides a single suitable horizontal force for the design
of structure.
Introduction
Response spectrum method is favoured by
earthquake engineering community because of:

 It provides a technique for performing an

equivalent static lateral load analysis.

 It allows a clear understanding of the

contributions of different modes of vibration.

 It offers a simplified method for finding the

design forces for structural members for
earthquake.
 Contd…
1/2

 The concept of equivalent lateral forces for earth- quake is a unique

concept because it converts a dynamic analysis partly to dynamic & partly
to static analysis for finding maximum stresses.
 For seismic design, these maximum stresses are
of interest, not the time history of stress.
 Equivalent lateral force for an earthquake is
defined as a set of lateral force which will produce the same peak
response as that obtained by dynamic analysis of structures .
The equivalence is restricted to a single mode of
vibration.
Review of SDOF Dynamic analysis
Review of SDOF Dynamic analysis
Review of SDOF Dynamic analysis
Review of SDOF Dynamic analysis
Review of SDOF Dynamic analysis
Earthquake Excitation measuring
 Earthquake Excitation measuring

Ground Motion
Records During
Several Earthquakes
Peak Horizontal
Ground Acceleration
of recorded during
the Loma Prieta
earthquake of
October 17,1989
For Earthquake Excitation, to solve equation of motion
I. Analytical Solution Is Not Possible; as earthquake excitation don’t have
definite function
II. Numerical Methods Are Employed To Find Other
Quantities Like:A. Displacement B.Velocity C. Acceleration.
Different Numerical Methods Are:
• Central Difference Method
• Average Acceleration Method
• Newmark’s Method Etc.
Using Duhamel’s integral, the solution of SDOF system initially at rest is given
Response Spectrum Relationship.
Factor Influencing Response Spectra

The response spectral values depends upon the

following parameters,
I) Energy release mechanism
II) Epicentral distance
III) Focal depth
IV) Soil condition
V) Richter magnitude
VI) Damping in the system
VII) Time period of the system
Displacement-Velocity –Acceleration (DVA) Spectra
Displacement-Velocity –Acceleration (DVA) Spectra
Displacement-Velocity –Acceleration (DVA) Spectra
Displacement-Velocity –Acceleration (DVA) Spectra
Displacement-Velocity –Acceleration (DVA) Spectra
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra-Damping effect
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra-Distance and Earthquake Size
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra
Design Response Spectra-Soil type
Old Design Response Spectra-Ethiopia EBCS1995
New Design Response Spectra-Ethiopia ES EN1998-2015
 New Design Response Spectra-Ethiopia ES EN1998-2015

ES 8 EN 1998-2015 Elastic Response

Spectra
4

3.5
Ag Soil A Ag soil B
3
Ag Soil C Ag soil D
2.5
Ag soil E
aAg/g

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
T, sec
 Limitations of Response Spectra
1. Straight line Approximation: - In the digital computation of spectra, the actual earthquake record
is replaced by linear segments between the points of digitization. This is a minor approximation
provided that the length of the time intervals is much shorter than the periods of interest
2. Truncation Error: - In general, a truncation error exists in numerical methods for integrating
differential equations. For example, in third-order Runge-Kutta methods the error is proportional
to (Δti)4
3. Error Due to Rounding the Time Record: - For earthquake records digitized at irregular time
intervals, the integration technique proposed in this report requires rounding of the time record
and the attendant error depends on the way the rounding is done. For round-off to 0.005 sec,
the average error in spectrum values is expected to be less than 2 percent.
4. Error Due to Discretization: - In any numerical method of computing the spectra, the response
is obtained at a set of discrete points. Since spectral values represent maximum values of
response parameters which may not occur at these discrete points, discretization introduces an
error which gives spectrum values lower than the true values. The error will be a maximum if
the maximum response occurs exactly midway between two discrete points as shown in Figure
4.1.
Limitations of Response Spectra
Example-1 ( From Anil K Chopra)
Example-1 ( From Anil K Chopra)
Example-1 ( From Anil K Chopra)
Example-1 ( From Anil K Chopra)
 Example-2 ( From Anil K Chopra)
The stress computed in Example 1 exceeded the allowable stress and the designer decided to
increase the size of the pipe to an 200-mm-nominal standard steel pipe. Its properties are do = 219
mm, di = 203 mm, t = 8.2 mm, and I = 3018 cm4. Comment on the advantages and disadvantages
of using the larger pipe.
 Example-2 ( From Anil K Chopra)
The stress computed in Example 1 exceeded the allowable stress and the designer decided to
increase the size of the pipe to an 200-mm-nominal standard steel pipe. Its properties are do = 219
mm, di = 203 mm, t = 8.2 mm, and I = 3018 cm4. Comment on the advantages and disadvantages
of using the larger pipe.
 Part 2:Response Spectra Method for
MDOF(Multiple Degree of Freedom) System
 Response Spectrum Analysis
 Theresponse spectrum method of analysis is
developed using the following steps.

1. A modal analysis of the structure is carried out to obtain mode

shapes, frequencies & modal participation factors.

2. Using the acceleration response spectrum, an equivalent static

load is derived which will provide the same maximum response
as that obtained in each mode of vibration.

3. Maximum modal responses are combined to find total maximum

response of the structure.
 Contd…
1/4

 The first step is the dynamic analysis while , the

second step is a static analysis.
 The first two steps do not have approximations,
while the third step has some approximations.
 As a result, response spectrum analysis is
called an approximate analysis; but applications
show that it provides mostly a good estimate of
peak responses.
 Method is developed for single point, single
component excitation for classically damped
linear systems. However, with additional
approximations it has been extended for multi
point-multi component excitations & for non-
classically damped systems.
Response Analysis of MDOF System
Response Analysis of MDOF System
Response Analysis of MDOF System
Response Analysis of MDOF System
Response Analysis of MDOF System
Response Analysis of MDOF System
MDOF System and Modal Combination Rules
MDOF System and Modal Combination Rules
MDOF System and Modal Combination Rules
Example 3 MDOF Response Spectrum Analysis
Example 3 MDOF Response Spectrum Analysis
Example 3 MDOF Response Spectrum Analysis
Example 3 MDOF Response Spectrum Analysis
Example 3 MDOF Response Spectrum Analysis
Example 3 MDOF Response Spectrum Analysis
Example 3 MDOF Response Spectrum Analysis
For Further Reading References

1. Dynamics of Structures- Theory and Applications to Earthquake

Engineering by Anilk. Chopra, Prentice-Hall, 2007
2. Dynamics of Structures- by Ray W. Clough and Joseph Penzien,
Computers & Structures, Inc., 2003.
3. Structural Dynamics-Theory and Computation by Mario Paz,
1997.
4. ES8-EN1998-2015,Ethiopia Standard For Earthquake Design

5. Additional online related materials on websites

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Any Question?
Thank you