Apprenticeship

•also known as Cognitive

Apprenticeship.
•it is a "Student's ticket" into
real-world scenarios.
•It allows them to experience
what they are learning.
• Modeling- The mentor perform the task at
the same time thinking aloud or talking
about the process while the learner listens.
• Coaching- The mentor frequently gives
suggestions, hints and feedback as learner
perform the task.
• Scaffolding- The mentor provides different
forms of support for the learner.
• Articulation- The learners explains what he is
doing and why ,allowing the mentor to examine
or analyze the learner’s knowledge, reasoning
and problem solving strategies.
• Reflection- The mentor asks the learner to
compare his performance with that of experts,
or with a model of how the task should be done.
• Increasing Complexity and diverse of task- The
mentor presents more complex, challenging and
varried task to accomplish.
• Exploration- The mentors encouraged the
learner to frame questions and problem on
his own and in doing so refine and expand
his acquired skills
• Acquisition of teaching skills- Is also one
benefit gained from the use of socio-
constructivism approach to learning.
• Dynamic assesment- often reveal more
objective evaluation of children’s cognitive
capabilities, than general assessments do.

• Peer tutoring
• Cooperative Learning
• Group discussion.
The Situated Learning Theory
• Situated cognition or Situated Learning is a
theory that suggest learning is “naturally
tied to authentic activity, context and
culture”

• Situated learning derived from the real

activities of daily living where learning occurs
in a pro-social but informal setting.
a. Knowledge is socially-constructed
b. Knowledge evolves naturally as a result of
individuals participating in and negotiating
their way through new situations.
c. Knowing, learning and cognition are socially-
constructed, that are seen or expressed in
actions of people interacting.
d. Construction of meaning is tied to specific
contexts and purposes.
e. Learning is fundamentally social and
inseparable from the practice it is supposed to
develop.
f. Learning is situated within authentic activity,
context and culture.
g. Situated cognition is a way a naming the kind
of learning that takes place in and through
common practices among a group of people
with similar goals and interest.
h. Learning is in part about increased
participation and that it is legitimate to
participate in different ways.
i. Cultural models are not held by individuals
but live in the practices of a community, and
how people engage with each other, as well as
any tools they use, and the specific cultural
j. Designing learning experiences from situated
learning perspective start with some assumptions
that learning is grounded in the actions of everyday
situations:

• Knowledge is acquired situationallu and

transfers only to similar situations.
• Social processes influence the way people think,
percieve, solve problems, perform procedures,
Build declarative knowledge and interact.
• Learning is enmeshed in participation in
complex social environment where there are
people, situations and activity.
k. Knowledge undergoes construction and
transformation through continuous use.

1. Knowledge is a product of making and creating

meanings, and cannot be separated from its
context.
2. Learning is a continuous, life-long process from
acting within and reacting situations.
3. The tools of learning and their usage reflect
the particular accumulated insight of
communities of practice.
4. Learning is a process of enculturation.
THROUGH
OTHERS WE
BECOME
OURSELVES.
LEV VYGOTSKY