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• Kingdom:Bacteria
Phylum :Deinococcus-Thermus
Order :Deinococcales
Genus :Deinococcus

• There are 42 species of Deinococcus described.

• Initially it was placed in the genus Micrococcus.
• Deinococcus, is closely related to the genus
Thermus of heat-resistant bacteria.
 Deinococcus radiodurans

unusual grain radiation surviving

THE CONAN OF BACTERIA

• First appeared in the 1950s in canned
meat that had been experimentally
irradiated as means of preservative.

• The complete DNA sequence of D.

radiodurans was published in 1999 by
TIGR. A detailed annotation and analysis
of the genome appeared in 2001
• gram-positive
• an obligate aerobe
• chemoorganoheterotroph, i.e. it uses oxygen
to derive energy from organic compounds in its
environment
• non-pathogenic
• nonsporeforming
• nonmotile
• a mesophile, 30-37°C (Growth ceases at
temperatures below 4C and above 45C).
• Colonies are smooth, convex, and pink to red in
color due to carotenoid pigment Deinoxhantin
• grows as clusters of two cells (diplococci) in the
early stages of growth,
and as clusters of four cells (tetracocci) in the late
stages of growth,
your name
 S-layer

plasma membrane
topped with an
electrolucent zone
compartmentalized layer

peptidoglycan layer
“the holey layer
plasma membrane

your name
• has been found in a wide variety of environments
which therefore make its natural habitat difficult to
define (live everywhere and nowhere ).
• from locations rich in organic nutrients, including
soil, animal faeces, and processed meats, as well
as from dry, nutrient-poor environments, including
weathered granite in a dry Antarctic valley, room
dust, and irradiated medical instruments
• There is no current findings that suggest that D.
radiodurans significantly interacts with other
organisms in nature
• grown with aeration in TGY broth
(0.5% Tryptone, 0.1% Glucose, 0.3% Yeast extract)
 • capable of withstanding an acute dose of 5,000 Gy of
ionizing radiation with almost no loss of viability, and an
acute dose of 15,000 Gy with 37% viability
• A dose of 5,000 Gy is estimated to introduce several
hundred double strand breaks (DSBs) into the
organism's DNA
• 5 Gy can kill a human, 200-800 Gy will kill E. coli.

Representative survival curve for

D. radiodurans R1 (squares) and
for E. coli
(diamonds) following exposure to
UV radiation
 • while 5 units of gamma radiation is lethal
to humans and 2,000 units of gamma
radiation is enough to stop all cell activity
for E. Coli, D. radiodurans can be exposed
to 10,000 units of gamma radiation without
dying or mutating

Representative survival curve

for D. radiodurans R1 (squares)
and for E. coli B/r
(diamonds) following exposure
to radiation.
• it can survive for six years in a desiccator
with 10% viability

• there is connection between the ionizing

radiation resistance of D. radiodurans and
its desiccation resistance.

• It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum,

and acid, and is therefore known as a
polyextremophile
and has been listed as
the world's toughest bacterium in
The Guinness Book Of World Records
• Ultraviolet ( UV ) light is
electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength
shorter than that of visible light, but longer than
X-rays, in the range 10 nm to 400 nm.
• so named because the spectrum consists of
electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher
than those that humans identify as the color
violet). the shortest wavelengths of visible light (

• . UV light powers vitamin D production in the

skin
• Ultraviolet photons harm the DNA molecules
of living organisms in different ways. In one
common damage event, adjacent thymine
bases bond with each other(, instead of
across the "ladder". This "thymine dimer"
makes a bulge, and the distorted DNA
molecule does not function properly
• common involves adjacent bases bonding
with each other instead of their “partners” on
the other side of the DNA “ladder”
• The genome of D. radiodurans R1 strain
consists of four major parts:
• two circular chromosomes (2,648,638 and 412,348
base pairs),
• a major plasmid (177,466 base pairs),
• and a small plasmid (45,704 base pairs).
• No current research shows whether or not these
plasmids contribute specifically to functionality or
virulence.
• a highGCcontent, ranging from 65 to 71 mol%.
• DNA in D. radiodurans is organized into tightly
packed toroids, which may facilitate DNA repair
that the tightly structured, ring-like nucleoids of D.
radiodurans to maintain the linear continuity of the
genome even when fragmentation has occurred.

• keeps 4-10 copies of all its genes at any given

time depending on its current stage of growth
the copies appear to be stacked on top of each
other. The additional genomes may allow the
bacterium to recover at least one complete copy
of its genome after exposure to radiation.

• There is no evidence of conjugation, and no

phage capable of infecting D. radiodurans has
been identified.
• Transmission electron
micrographs of cryofixed D.
radiopugnans (A and C) and D.
radiophilus (B and D) cells. (A)
Regular staining. The darkly
stained particles are ribosomes,
while the lightly stained space
contains chromatin. (B, C, and D)
Cells stained with the DNA-
specific reagent osmium-ammine-
SO2 (27). DNA toroids (indicated
by arrows) are evident in panels
A, B, and C, whereas in panel D
the toroids are detected edge on.
Because thin sections are used,
some (cross-sectioned)
specimens reveal only one
compartment. Scale bars, 0.5 µm.
 A - Emission spectrum of UV.

 B - Absorption of UV light by biomolecules (nucleotide bases,

DNA, enzymes, others).

 C - Intensity of UV light.
• A team of Russian and American scientists
proposed that the radioresistance of D.
radiodurans had a Martian origin. Evolution of
the microorganism could have taken place on
the Martian surface until it was delivered to
Earth on a meteorite. However, apart from its
resistance to radiation, Deinococcus is
genetically and biochemically very similar to
other terrestrial life forms, arguing against an
extraterrestrial origin
• Deinococcus radiodurans has fewer DNA repair
genes than the radiation-sensitive bacterium E. coli.
D. radiodurans doesn't appear to possess any DNA
repair genes that some other bacterium doesn't also
have.
 there are six known mechanisms:

• Homologous recombination (HR)

• Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)
• Single strand annealing (SSA)
• Synthesis dependent strand annealing
(SDSA)
• Break-induced replication (BIR)
• Copy choice (CC)
• Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)
of DNA fragments
 
• Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) functions in all
kinds of cells, from bacteria to man
• NHEJ of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) in DNA is
accomplished by a series of proteins that work together
to carry out the synapsis. The main proteins involved in
NHEJ in eukaryotes are DNA ligase IV, XRCC4, the
catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase
(DNA-PKcs), Ku protein, and possibly Artemis
• Three steps have been identified in the NHEJ process:
DNA end-binding and bridging, terminal end
processing, and ligation.
• (i) DNA End-binding and Bridging
• NHEJ is initiated by the recognition and
binding of the Ku protein to the broken
DNA ends;
Single strand annealing (SSA)
• Synthesis Ddependent Stran
Annealing (SDSA)
Break-induced replication (BIR)
Copy choice (CC)
• nitric oxide plays an important role in the
bacteria's recovery from radiation exposure: the
gas is required for division and proliferation
after DNA damage has been repaired. A gene
was described that increases nitric oxide
production after UV radiation, and in the
absence of this gene the bacteria were still able
to repair DNA damage but would not grow [
• the bacterium uses manganese complexes as
antioxidants to protect itself against radiation damage
• combining orthophosphate (Pi) complexes of Mn2+ with
common metabolites (e.g., uridine and peptides) in the
protection of enzymes from extreme oxidative damage
caused during irradiation. These complexes are
immensely radioprotective of proteins but not DNA

• the presence of Manganese(II) contributes to the

condensation of the D. radiodurans genome, neutralizing
the repulsing effects of the phosphate backbone and
enabling the organism to better tolerate radiation
• , D. radiodurans use LEA proteins Late Embryogenesis
Abundant proteins expression to protect against
desiccation.
 Applications
• Deino coccus is very resistance to
radiation, it used in bioremediation to
consume and digest solvents and heavy
metals , however the other organisms that
make bioremediation is not resistance to
radiation
• bioremediation is an application where
biological agents such as microbes are
used to decontaminate polluted water or
soil sites
• They used deinococcus to detoxificate the radioactive
wastes that generated from the nuclear weapons
manufacture, these wastes contain cellulose ,the u.v
radiation inhibt the activity of cellulose enzyme ,but
whole cell or crude extraction of deinococcus used in
these sites to make protect to cellulose enzyme.
• It has the ability of information storage.
• In cold wars the radioactive byproducts where dumped
3000 sites around country, 70 million cubed meters of
soil and 3 trillion liter of water are contaminated by
uranium and and other radioactive wastes .
They used the deinococcus to decrease the cost of
decontaminated these sites, it was decontaminated by
300 billion dolars but after using deinococcus the coast
become very low
Any questions??
 The End
Cast
Mohammed Ahmed Ismail
hmed Mohammed Khamis
Ahmed Abd El-Mohsen
Mahmoud Tarek
Ahmed Abbas
Ahmed Said

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