Power System Analysis and Design 6th

Edition Glover Solutions Manual

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Chapter 8
Symmetrical Components

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

8.1 Equal, ± 120°; equal, ± 120 °; 8.21 Z go + 3 Z n

equal, zero 8.22 Positive-sequence, sub-transient
1 3 8.23 Does not
8.2 1e j120° ; − +j
2 2 8.24 a
8.3 V0 + V1 + V2 ; V0 + a 2V1 + av2 ; 8.25 (i) Can, do; does not, 3
V0 + aV1 + a 2V2 (ii) e j 30° :1, e− j 30° :1
(iii) Do not
1
8.4 (V + Vb + Vc ) ; 13 (Va + aVb + a2Vc ) ;
3 a 8.26 (i) Short
1 (ii) 3 Z n
(V + a2Vb + aVc )
3 a (iii) Open
8.5 Zero (iv) Short
8.6 May, Never
8.7 a 8.27 3
8.28 V0 I 0* + V1 I1* + V2 I2*
8.8 I a + I b + I c ; 3I 0
8.9 Zero
8.10 a
8.11 a
8.12 a
8.13 ZY + Z n ; Z n
8.14 A− 1 Z p A
8.15 a
8.16 ZY + 3 Z n
8.17 ∞, Z ∆ / 3, Z ∆ / 3
8.18 Diagonal, uncoupled
8.19 Uncoupled, positive-sequence
8.20 Diagonal, zero

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8.1 Using the identities shown in Table 8.1
a −1 −(1 − a ) (−1) 3 ∠ − 30° 3
(a) = = = ∠ 90°
1+ a − a 2
(1 + a + a ) − 2a (−1) 2 ∠ 240° 2
2 2

(b)
( a2 − a ) + j = −1 + j
=
2∠135°
ja + a 2
a ( j + a)  1 3
(1∠120° )  j − + j 
 2 2 
2∠15° 2∠15°
= = = 0.7321 ∠ 270°
1  3  1.932 ∠ 105°
− + j  + 1 
2  2 
(c) (1 + a ) (1 + a 2 ) = ( −a 2 ) ( −a ) = a3 = 1 ∠ 0°
(d) ( a − a 2 )( a 2 − 1) = ( a 2 − a )(1 − a 2 ) = ( 3∠270° )( )
3∠30° = 3 ∠ 300°

1 3
(a) = a ( a3 ) = a = − + j
10 3
8.2 (a)
2 2
1 3
( ja ) = ( j) (a) = ( j) ( j ) ( j ) ( a ) = −a =
10 10 10 4 4 2
(b) −j
2 2

( ) ( 3 ) ∠ − 90° = 0 − j3
3 3
(1 − a )
3
(c) = 3∠ − 30° = 3
= 0 − j 5.196
1 3 1
− +j 3 −
(d) e a = e 2 2 = e 2∠
radians
2
= 0.6065∠49.62° = 0.3929 + j 0.4620

8.3 (a) I 0  1 1 1   6 ∠ 90 °  1 ∠90 ° + 1 ∠ 320 ° + 1∠220 ° 

  
I1  = 1 1 a a  6 ∠ 320 ° = 1 ∠90 ° + 1 ∠80 ° + 1 ∠100 ° 
2   6
3
I 2 
3 1 a 2 a  6 ∠ 220 ° 1 ∠ 90 ° + 1 ∠200 ° + 1 ∠ 340 °

0 − j 0.2856 0.571 ∠ − 90 °
6  0 + j 2.97  =  5.94 ∠ 90 °  A
= 
3  0 + j 0.316   0.632 ∠ 90 ° 

(b) I 0  1 1 1  40 ∠ 90 °  1 ∠ 90 ° + 1 ∠ 0 °   18.86 ∠ 45 ° 

  
I1  = 1 1 a a   40 ∠ 0 °  40 1 ∠90 ° + 1∠120 °  = 25.76 ∠ 105 ° A
2  
=
I 2  3 1 a 2 a   0  3 1 ∠ 90 ° + 1∠240 °  6.90 ∠ 165 ° 

8.4 Van  1 1 1  45 ∠ 80 ° 1 ∠80 ° + 2 ∠ 0 ° + 1 ∠90 ° 

  
Vbn  = 1 a
2
a   90 ∠ 0 °  = 45 1 ∠ 80 ° + 2 ∠ 240 ° + 1 ∠210 °
   
Vcn  1 a a 2  45 ∠ 90 ° 1 ∠ 80 ° + 2 ∠120 ° + 1 ∠330 ° 

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  2.174 + j1.985   132.48∠ 42.4 °
= 45 − 1.692 − j1.247 = 94.58 ∠ 216.4 ° V
0.0397 + j 2.217 99.78 ∠ 88.97 °

8.5 Eq. (8.1.12) of text:

1
I0 = ( I a + Ib + Ic )
3
1
= (10∠0° + 8∠ − 90° + 6∠150° ) = 1.60128 − j1.667 = 2.31∠ − 46.15° A ←
3
1
I1 =
3
( I a + aIb + a 2 I c )
1
= (10∠0° + 1∠120° ( 8∠ − 90° ) + 1∠240° ( 6∠150° ) )
3
1
= (10∠0° + 8∠30° + 6∠30° ) = 7.37 + j 2.33 = 7.74∠17.56° A ←
3
1
I2 =
3
( I a + a 2 I b + aI c )
1
= (10∠0° + 1∠240° ( 8∠ − 90° ) + 1∠120° ( 6∠150° ) )
3
1
= (10∠0° + 8∠150° + 6∠ − 90° ) = 1.02 − j 0.667 = 1.22∠ − 33.07° ←
3
8.6 (a) Eq. (8.1.9) of text:
Va = (V0 + V1 + V2 )
= (10∠0° + 80∠30° + 40∠ − 30° ) = 114 + j 20 = 116∠9.9° V ←
Vb = V0 + a 2V1 + aV2
= 10∠0° + 1∠240° ( 80∠30° ) + 1∠120° ( 40∠ − 30° ) 
= (10∠0° + 80∠ − 90° + 40∠90° ) = 10 − j 40 = 41.3∠ − 76° ←
Vc = V0 + aV1 + a 2V2
= 10∠0° + 1∠120° ( 80∠30° ) + 1∠240° ( 40∠ − 30° ) 
= (10∠0° + 80∠150° + 40∠ − 150° ) = −94 + j 20 = 96.1∠168° ←

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 (b) Vab = Va − Vb = (114 + j 20 ) − (10 − j 40 ) = 104 + j 60 = 120∠30° V ←
Vbc = Vb − Vc = (10 − j 40 ) − ( −94 + j 20 ) = 104 − j 60 = 120∠ − 30° V ←
Vca = Vc − Va = ( −94 + j 20 ) − (114 + j 20 ) = −208 + j 0 = 208∠180° V ←
1 1
(V )
ab 0 =
3
( Vab + Vbc + Vca ) = (120∠30° + 120∠ − 30° + 208∠180° ) = 0 ←
3
1 1 120∠30° + 1∠120° (120∠ − 30° ) 
(V ) = ( Vab + aVbc + a 2Vca ) =  
+1∠240° ( 208∠180° ) 
ab 1
3 3 
1
= (120∠30° + 120∠90° + 208∠60° ) = 69.33 + j120 = 138.6∠60° V ←
3
1 120∠30° + 1∠240° (120∠ − 30° ) 
(V )
ab 2 =
1
3
(
Vab + a 2 Vbc + a (Vca ) = 
3 
) +1∠120° ( 208∠180° ) 


1
= (120∠30° + 120∠210° + 208∠ − 60° ) = 34.67 − j 60 = 69.3∠ − 60° V ←
3
Since (Vab )0 = Va 0 − Vb 0 = 0

And (Vab )1 = Va1 − Vb1 ; (Vab )2 = Va 2 − Vb 2 , we have

VL − L 0 = 0; VL − L 1 = ( )
3∠30° V1 ; VL − L 2 = ( 3∠ − 30° V2 )
 1   1 
Or V1 =  ∠ − 30°  VL1 and V2 =  ∠30°  VL 2
 3   3 
Applying the above, one gets
 1 
V1 =  ∠ − 30°  (138.6∠60° ) = 80∠30° = 69.3 + j 40 ←
 3 
 1 
V2 =  ∠30°  ( 69.3∠ − 60° ) = 40∠ − 30° = 34.6 − j 20 ←
 3 
Phase voltages are then given by
Va = V1 + V2 = 103.9 + j 20 = 105.9∠10.9° V ←
Vb = a 2V1 + aV2 = 1∠240° ( 80∠30° ) + 1∠120° ( 40∠ − 30° )
= ( 80∠ − 90° + 40∠90° ) = − j 40 = 40∠ − 90° V ←
Vc = aV1 + a 2V2 = 1∠120° ( 80∠30° ) + 1∠240° ( 40∠ − 30° )
= 80∠150° + 40∠210° = −104 + j 20 = 105.9∠169° V ←
The above are not the same as in part (a) ←
However, either set will result in the same line voltages. Note that the zero-sequence
line voltage is always zero, even though zero-sequence phase voltage may exist. So it
is not possible to construct the complete set of symmetrical components of phase
voltages even when the unbalanced system of line voltages is known. But we can
obtain a set with no zero-sequence voltage to represent the unbalanced system.

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8.7  I0  1 1 1  0   1∠150° + 1∠30° 
  1 2  1200 1∠270° + 1∠270°
 I1  = 1 a a  1200∠150°  =
 I 2  3 1 a 2 3  
a   1200∠30°   1∠30 ° + 1∠150 ° 

 400 ∠ 90° 
= 800 ∠ 270° A
 400 ∠ 90° 
Current to ground, I n = 3I 0 = 1000 ∠ 90 ° A

8.8 Vab = Va − Vb ; Vbc = Vb − Vc ; Vca = Vc − Va

∵ Vab + Vbc + Vca = 0, Vab 0 = Vbc 0 = Vca 0 = 0

Choosing Vab as the reference,

1
Vab1 =
3
(Vab + aVbc + a 2Vca )
1
(
= ( Va − Vb ) + a (Vb − Vc ) + a 2 (Vc − Va )
3
)
1
= (Va + aVb + a 2Vc ) − ( a 2Va + Vb + aVc ) 
3
1
= (Va + aVb + a 2Vc ) − a 2 ( Va + aVb + a 2Vc ) 
3
1
= (1 − a 2 ) (Va + aVb + a 2Vc )  = (1 − a 2 ) Va1
3
= 3 Va1 e j 30° ←
1
Vab 2 =
3
(Vab + a 2Vbc + aVca )
1
(
= (Va − Vb ) + a 2 (Vb − Vc ) + a (Vc − Va )
3
)
1
= (Va + a 2Vb + aVc ) − ( aVa + Vb + a 2Vc ) 
3
1
= (Va + a 2Vb + aVc ) − a ( Va + a 2Vb + aVc ) 
3
1
= (1 − a ) (Va + a 2Vb + aVc )  = (1 − a ) Va 2
3
= 3 Va 2 e − j 30° ←

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8.9 Choosing Vbc as reference and following similar steps as in Problem 8.8 solution, one can
get
Vbc 0 = 0; Vbc1 = 3Va1e − j 90° = − j 3Va1 ;
 ←
and Vbc 2 = 3Va 2 e j 90° = j 3Va 2 

8.10 (a) VLg 0  1 1 1   280∠0° 

  1
VLg1  = 1 a a   250∠ − 110°
2

  3 1 a 2 a   290∠130° 
VLg 2 

280∠0° + 250∠ − 110° + 290∠130°  2.696 − j 4.257 

1  = 270.6 + j 31.26 
= 280∠0° + 250∠ 10° + 290∠10°   
3
280∠0° + 250∠130° + 290∠250°   6.706 − j 27 
 5.039 ∠ − 57.65°
=  272.4 ∠ 6.59°  V
 27.82∠ − 76.05° 

(b) Vab  Vag − Vbg   280∠0° − 250∠ − 110° 

     
Vbc  = Vbg − Vcg  =  250∠ − 110° − 290∠130°
Vca     290∠130° − 280∠0° 
Vcg − Vag  
 365.5 + j 234.9   434.5∠32.73° 
=  100.9 − j 457.1  =  468.1∠ − 77.55° V
 −466.4 + j 222.2   516.6∠154.5° 

(c) VLL 0  1 1 1   434.5∠32.73° 

  1
VLL1  = 1 a a 2   468.1∠ − 77.55°
VLL 2  3 1 a 2 a   516.6∠154.5° 

 434.5 ∠ 32.73° + 468.1 ∠ − 77.55° + 516.6 ∠154.5°   0 + j 0 

=  434.5 ∠ 32.73° + 468.1 ∠ 42.55° + 516.6 ∠ 34.5°  = 378.9 + j 281.2 
1  
3
 434.5 ∠ 32.73° + 468.1 ∠162.5° ∠ + 516.6 ∠ 274.5°  −13.46 − j 46.44 

 0   0 
 
=  471.8 ∠ 36.58°  V =  3 VLg1 ∠ + 30° 
 
 48.35 ∠ − 106.2°  3VLg 2 ∠ − 30° 

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8.11 The circuit is shown below:

1
Ia0 = (10∠0° + 10∠180° + 0 ) = 0
3
1
I a1 = (10∠0° + 10∠180° + 120° + 0 ) = 5 − j 2.89 = 5.78∠ − 30° A
3
1
I a 2 = (10∠0° + 10∠180° + 240° + 0 ) = 5 + j 2.89 = 5.78∠30° A
3
Then
I b 0 = I a 0 = 0 A; Ic0 = Ia0 = 0 A
I b1 = a I a1 = 5.78∠ − 150° A; I c1 = aI a1 = 5.78∠90° A
2

I b 2 = aI a 2 = 5.78∠150° A; I c 2 = a 2 I a 2 = 5.78∠ − 90° A

8.12 Selecting a base of 2300 V and 500 kVA, each resistor has an impedance of 1∠0° pu ;
Vab = 0.8 ; Vbc = 1.2 ; Vca = 1.0
The symmetrical components of the line voltages are:
1
Vab1 = ( 0.8∠82.8° + 1.2∠120° − 41.4° + 1.0∠240° + 180° ) = 0.2792 + j 0.9453
3
= 0.9857∠73.6°
1
Vab 2 = ( 0.8∠82.8° + 1.2∠240° − 41.4° + 1.0∠120° + 180° ) = −0.1790 − j 0.1517
3
= 0.2346∠220.3°
(These are in pu on line-to-line voltage base.)
Phase voltages in pu on the base of voltage to neutral are given by
Van1 = 0.9857∠73.6° − 30° = 0.9857∠43.6°
[Note: An angle of 180° is assigned to Vca ]
Van 2 = 0.2346∠220.3° + 30° = 0.2346∠250.3°
Zero-sequence currents are not present due to the absence of a neutral connection.
I a1 = Va1 /1∠0° = 0.9857∠43.6° pu
I a 2 = Va 2 /1∠0° = 0.2346∠250.3° pu
The positive direction of current is from the supply toward the load.

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8.13 (a) I ∆ 0  1 1 1   10 ∠ 0 ° 
I  1 1 a a 2  12 ∠ − 90 °
 ∆1  = 
I ∆ 2  3 1 a 2 a   15 ∠ 90 ° 

10 ∠ 0 ° + 12 ∠ − 90 ° + 15 ∠ 90 °   3.333 + j1   3.48 ∠16.7 ° 

=  10 ∠ 0 ° + 12 ∠ 30 ° + 15 ∠ 330 °  = 11.13 − j 0.5 = 11.14 ∠ − 2.58 ° A
1
3
10 ∠ 0 ° + 12 ∠150 ° + 15 ∠ 210 ° − 4.46 − j 0.5 4.49 ∠ − 173.6 °

(b) I a  I ab − I ca   10 ∠ 0 ° − 15 ∠ 90 °   10 − j15   18.03 ∠ − 56.3 ° 

         
Ib  = I bc − I ab  =  12 ∠ − 90 ° − 10 ∠ 0 °  = − 10 − j12 = 15.62 ∠ − 129.81 ° A
I c  I ca − I bc  15 ∠ 90 ° − 12 ∠ − 90 °  j 27   27 ∠ 90 ° 

(c) I L 0  1 1 1   18.03 ∠ − 56.3 ° 

  1
I L1  = 1 a a 2  15.62 ∠ − 129.81 °
I L 2  3 1 a 2 a   27 ∠ 90 ° 

 18.03 ∠ − 56.3 ° + 15.62 ∠ − 129.81 ° + 27 ∠ 90 ° 

=  18.03 ∠ − 56.3 ° + 15.62 ∠ − 9.81 ° + 27 ∠330 ° 
1
3
18.03 ∠ − 56.3 ° + 15.62 ∠ − 249.81 ° + 27 ∠ 210 °
0 + j 0  0  0 
     
= 16.26 − j10.39  = 19.29 ∠ − 32.57 °  A =  3I ∆1 ∠ − 30 ° 
− 6.257 − j 4.61 7.77 ∠ − 143.59 °  
 3 I ∆ 2 ∠ + 30 °

8.14

VLg 0 5.039∠ − 57.65 °

I0 = = = 0.252 ∠ − 110.78 ° A
Z0 20∠ 53.13 °
VLg1 272.4 ∠6.59 °
I1 = = = 13.62 ∠ − 46.54 ° A
Z1 20 ∠ 53.13 °
VLg 2 27.82 ∠ − 76.05 °
I2 = = = 1.391 ∠ − 129.18 ° A
Z2 20 ∠ 53.13 °

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 I a  1 1 1  0.252 ∠ − 110.78 °
  
I b  = 1 a
2
a   13.62 ∠ − 46.54 ° 
I c  1 a a 2  1.391 ∠ −129.18 ° 
 
0.2520 ∠ − 110.78 ° + 13.62 ∠ − 46.54 ° + 1.391∠ − 129.18 °
= 0.2520 ∠ − 110.78 ° + 13.62 ∠193.46 ° + 1.391 ∠ − 9.18 ° 
0.2520 ∠ − 110.78 ° + 13.62 ∠ 73 .46 ° + 1.391 ∠110.82 ° 
 8.4 − j11.2   14 ∠ − 53.13 ° 
   
= − 11.96 − j 3.628 = 12.5 ∠ − 163.1 ° A
 3.294 + j14.12   14.5 ∠ 76.37 ° 
Note: The source and load neutrals are connected with a zero-ohm wire.
I a  Vag zY   280 ∠ 0 ° 20 ∠ 53.13 °   14 ∠ − 53.13 ° 
       
I
 b = Vbg zY  = 250 ∠ − 110 ° 20 ∠53.13 ° = 12.5 ∠ − 163.1 °
   
I c  Vcg zY   290 ∠130 ° 20 ∠53.13 °   14.5 ∠76.87 ° 
Which agrees with the above result.

8.15

I 0 = 0 ; From Problem 8.14, I1 = 13.62∠ − 46.54° A; I 2 = 1.391∠ − 129.18° A

 I a  1 1 1  0 
  
 I b  = 1 a
2
a   13.62∠ − 46.54° 
 
 I c  1 a a 2  1.391∠ − 129.18° 
 
13.62∠ − 46.54° + 1.391∠ − 129.18°
=  13.62∠193.46° + 1.391∠ − 9.18° 
 13.62∠73.46° + 1.391∠110.82° 
 8.49 − j10.96  13.86∠ − 52.24°
=  −11.87 − j 3.392  = 12.35∠195.9°  A
 3.383 + j14.36  14.75∠76.74° 

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8.16

272.4∠6.59°
I 0 = 0; I1 = = 40.86∠ − 46.54° A
 20 
 3  ∠53.13°
 
27.82∠ − 76.05°
I2 = = 4.173∠ − 129.18° A
 20 
 3  ∠53.13°
 
 I a  1 1 1   0   41.58∠ − 52.24° 
  
 I b  = 1 a
2
a   40.86∠ − 46.54°  = 37.05∠195.9°  A
 
 I c  1 a a 2   4.173∠ − 129.18°   44.25∠76.74° 
 
Note: These currents are 3 times those in Problem 8.15.

VLg 0 5.039∠ − 57.65°

8.17 I0 = = = 0.4826∠ − 131° A
Z0 3 + j10
VLg1 272.4∠6.59°
I1 = = = 36.54∠ − 19.98° A
Z1 7.454∠26.57°
VLg 2 27.82∠ − 76.05°
I2 = = = 3.732∠ − 102.72° A
Z2 7.454∠26.57°

 I a  1 1 1   0.4826∠ − 131° 
  
 I b  = 1 a
2
a  36.54∠ − 19.98° 
 I c  1 a a 2  3.732∠ − 102.72°
 
 0.4826∠ − 131° + 36.54∠ − 19.98° + 3.732∠ − 102.72° 
=  0.4826∠ − 131° + 36.54∠220.02° + 3.732∠17.28° 
 0.4826∠ − 131° + 36.54∠100.02° + 3.732∠137.28° 
 33.2 − j16.49  37.07∠ − 26.41° 
=  −24.74 − j 22.75  = 33.61∠222.6°  A
 −9.416 + j 38.15 39.29∠103.9° 

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8.18  Z0 Z 01 Z 02  1 1 1
Z Z1 Z12  1 1 a
 a 2 
 10 =
 Z 20 Z 21 Z 2  3 1 a 2 a 

( Z aa + Z ab + Z ac ) ( Z aa + a 2 Z ab + aZ ac )( Z aa + aZ ab + a 2 Z ac ) 
 
 ( Z ab + Z bb + Z bc ) ( Z ab + a Z bb + aZ bc )( Z ab + aZ bb + a Z bc ) 
2 2

 ( Z ac + Z bc + Z cc ) ( Z ac + a 2 Z bc + aZ cc )( Z ac + aZ bc + a 2 Z cc ) 
 
( Z aa + Z bb + Z cc ) + 2 ( Z ab + Z ac + Z bc )
1
= ( Z aa + aZ bb + a 2 Z cc ) + Z ab (1 + a ) + Z ac (1 + a 2 ) + Z bc ( a + a 2 )
3
( Z aa + a 2 Z bb + aZ cc ) + Z ab (1 + a 2 ) + Z ac (1 + a ) + Z bc ( a 2 + a )

( Z aa + a 2 Z bb + aZ cc ) + Z ab ( a 2 + 1) + Z ac ( a + 1) + Z bc ( a + a 2 )
( Z aa + a3 Z bb + a3 Z cc ) + Z ab ( a 2 + a ) + Z ac ( a + a 2 ) + Z bc ( a 2 + a 4 )
( Z aa + a 4 Z bb + a 2 Z cc ) + Z ab ( a 2 + a 2 ) + Z ac ( 2a ) + Z bc ( a 2 + a 4 )
( Z aa + aZ bb + a 2 Z cc ) + Z ab (1 + a ) + Z ac (1 + a 2 ) + Z bc ( a + a 2 ) 

( Z aa + a 2 Z bb + a 4 Z cc ) + Z ab ( 2a ) + Z ac ( 2a 2 ) + Z bc ( 2 ) 
( Z aa + a3 Z bb + a3 Z cc ) + Z ab ( a + a 2 ) + Z ac ( a + a 2 ) + Z bc ( a + a 2 ) 
 Z aa + Z bb + Z cc + 2 Z ab + 2 Z ac + 2 Z bc
1
=  Z aa + aZ bb + a 2 Z cc − a 2 Z ab − aZ ac − Z bc
3
 Z aa + a 2 Z bb + aZ cc − aZ ab − a 2 Z ac − Z bc
Z aa + a 2 Z bb + aZ cc − aZ ab − a 2 Z ac − Z bc
Z aa + Z bb + Z cc − Z ab − Z ac − Z bc
Z aa + aZ bb + a 2 Z cc + 2 a 2 Z ab + 2 aZ ac + 2 Z bc
Z aa + aZ bb + a 2 Z cc − a 2 Z ab − aZ ac − Z bc 

Z aa + a Z bb + aZ cc + 2 aZ ab + 2 a Z ac + 2 Z bc 
2 2

Z aa + Z bb + Z cc − Z ab − Z ac − Z bc 

8.19 (a)

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 writing KVL equations [see Eqs (8.2.1) – (8.2.3)]:
Vag = Z y I a + Z n ( I a + I b + I c )
Vbg = Z y I b + Z n ( I a + I b + I c )
Vcg = Z y I c + Z n ( I a + I b + I c )

In matrix format [see Eq (8.2.4)]

( Z y + Z n ) Zn Zn  V 
   I a   ag 
 Zn (Z + Zn ) Zn   I b  = Vbg 
    
y


 Zn Zn ( Z y + Z n )  I c  Vcg 
( 3 + j 5 ) j1 j1   I a   100∠0° 
    
 j1 (3 + j5) j1   I b  =  75∠180°
 ( 3 + j 5)  I c   50∠90° 
 j1 j1
−1
 I a  ( 3 + j 5 ) j1 j1   100∠0° 
     75∠180° 
 I b  =  j1 ( 3 + j 5) j1   
   ( + )   50∠90° 
 I c   j1 j1 3 j 5

Performing the indicated matrix inverse (a computer solution is suggested):

 I a   0.1763∠ − 56.50° 0.02618∠150.2° 0.02618∠150.2°   100∠0° 
    
 I b  =  0.02618∠150.2° 0.1763∠ − 56.50° 0.02618∠150.2°  75∠180° 
 I c   0.02618∠150.2° 0.02618∠150.2° 0.1763∠ − 56.50°   50∠90° 
 
Finally, performing the indicated matrix multiplication:
 I a  17.63∠ − 56.50° + 1.964∠330.2° + 1.309∠240.2°
   
 I b  =  2.618∠150.2° + 13.22∠123.5° + 1.309∠240.2° 
 I c   2.618∠150.2° + 1.964∠330.2° + 8.815∠33.5° 
 
 I a   10.78 − j16.81  19.97∠ − 57.32° 
     
 I b  =  −10.22 + j11.19  = 15.15∠132.4°  A
 I c   6.783 + j 5.191  8.541∠37.43° 
 

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 (b) Step (1): Calculate the sequence components of the applied voltage:
Vg 0  1 1 1   100∠0° 
  1
Vg1  = 1 a a 2  =  75∠180°
  3 1 a 2 a   50∠90° 
Vg 2  
 100∠0° + 75∠180° + 50∠90° 
= 100∠0° + 75∠300° + 50∠330°
1
3
 100∠0° + 75∠60° + 50∠210° 
8.333 + j16.667  18.63∠63.43° 
=  60.27 − j 29.98  = 67.32∠ − 26.45 V
 31.40 + j13.32  34.11∠22.99° 
Step (2): Draw sequence networks:

Step (3): Solve sequence networks

Vg0 Vg0 18.63∠63.43° 18.63∠63.43°
I0 = = = =
Z0 Z y + 3 Zn 3 + j7 7.616∠66.80°
I 0 = 2.446∠ − 3.37° A
Vg1 67.32∠ − 26.45° 67.32∠ − 26.45°
I1 = = = = 13.46∠ − 79.58 A
Z1 3 + j4 5∠53.13°
Vg 2 34.11∠22.99°
I2 = = = 6.822∠ − 30.14°
Z2 5∠53.13°
Step (4): Calculate the line currents (phase components):
 I a  1 1 1   2.446∠ − 3.37° 
  
 I b  = 1 a
2
a  13.46∠ − 79.58° 
 I c  1 a a 2  6.822∠ − 30.14°
 
 2.446∠ − 3.37° + 13.46∠ − 79.58° + 6.822∠ − 30.14° 
=  2.446∠ − 3.37° + 13.46∠160.42° + 6.822∠89.86° 
 2.446∠ − 3.37° + 13.46∠40.42° + 6.822∠209.86° 
 10.78 − j16.81  19.97∠ − 57.32°
=  −10.22 + j11.19  = 15.15∠132.4°  A
 6.773 + j 5.187  8.531∠37.45° 

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8.20 (a) The line-to-line voltages are related to the ∆ currents by
Vab   j 27 0 0   I ab 
    
Vbc  =  0 j 27 0   I bc 
Vca   0 0 j 27   I ca 
 
Transforming to symmetrical components,
Vab 0   j 27 0 0   I ab 0 
   
A  Vab1  =  0 j 27 0  A  I ab1 
   0 0 j 27   I a b 2 
Vab 2    
Premultiplying each side by A−1 ,
Vab 0   I ab 0   j 27 0 0   I ab 0 
      
Vab1  = j 27 A A  I ab1  =  0
−1
j 27 0   I ab1 
     0 0 j 27   I ab 2 
Vab 2   I ab 2    
As shown in Fig. 8.5 of the text, sequence networks for an equivalent Y representation
of a balanced-∆ load are given below:

(b) With a mutual impedance of (j6) Ω between phases,

Vab 0   j 27 j6 j 6   I ab 0 
   
A  Vab1  =  j 6 j 27 j6  A  I ab1 
   j6 j6 j 27   I ab 2 
Vab 2    
Rewriting the coefficient matrix into two parts,
 j 27 j6 j6  1 0 0  1 1 1
 j6 j 27 j 6  = j 21  0 1 0  + j6 1 1 1
  

 j 6 j6 j 27   0 0 1  1 1 1

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 and substituting into the previous equation,
Vab 0   1 1 1   I ab 0 
   −1    
Vab1  =  j 21A A + jGA 1 1 1 A   I ab1 
−1

   1 1 1   I 
Vab 2    ab 2 
  j 21 0 0   3 0 0    I ab 0 
  
=   0 j 21 0  + j 6  0 0 0    I ab1 

 0 0 j 21  0 0 0    I 
  ab 2 
 j39 0 0   I ab 0 
 
=  0 j 21 0   I ab1 
 0 0 j 21  I ab 2 
 
Then the sequence networks are given by:

8.21 From Eq. (8.2.28) and (8.2.29), the load is symmetrical.

Using Eq. (8.2.31) and (8.2.32):
Z 0 = Z aa + 2 Z ab = 5 + j10 Ω
Z1 = Z 2 = Z aa − Z ab = 5 + j10 Ω
5 + j10 0 0 

Zs =  0 5 + j10 0  Ω
 0 0 5 + j10 

8.22 Since Z s is diagonal, the load is symmetrical.

Using Eq. (8.2.31) and (8.2.32):
Z 0 = 6 + j10 = Z aa + 2 Z ab
Z1 = 5 = Z aa − Z ab
Solving the above two equations
1 1 1 10
Z aa = ( 6 + j10 − 5) = (1 + j10 ) = + j Ω
3 3 3 3
16 10
Z aa = Z ab + 5 = + j Ω
3 3

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 16 10 1 10 1 10 
 3 + j 3 3+ j 3 3
+j 
3
 
Zp =  1
+j
10 16
+ j
10 1
+j
10 
Ω
3 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 1 + j 10 1
+j
10 16 10
+j 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 

8.23 The line-to-ground voltages are

Va = Z s I a + Z m I b + Z m I c + Z n I n
Vb = Z m I a + Z s I b + Z m I c + Z n I n
Vc = Z m I a + Z m I b + Z s I c + Z n I n

Since I n = I a + I b + I c , it follows

Va   Z s + Z n Z m + Z n Z m + Z n   I a 
    
Vb  =  Z m + Z n Z s + Z n Z m + Z n   I b 
Vc   Z m + Z n Z m + Z n Z s + Z n   I c 
  
    
phase impedance matrix Z p

or in compact form Vp = Z p I p
Form Eq. (8.2.9) Z s = A−1 Z p A

1 1 1   Zs + Zn Zm + Zn Z m + Z n  1 1 1
1  
∴ Z s = 1 a a 2   Z m + Z n Zs + Zn Z m + Z n  1 a 2 a 
3
1 a 2 a   Z m + Z n Zm + Zn Z s + Z n  1 a a 2 
 Zs + 3 Zn + 2 Zm 0 0 
 
= 0 Zs − Zm 0 
 0 0 Z s − Z m 
  
Sequence impedance matrix

When there is no mutual coupling, Z m = 0

 Zs + 3 Zn 0 0
 
∴ Zs =  0 Zs 0
 0 0 Z s 


214
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8.24 (a) The circuit is shown below:

KVL: ( j12 ) I a + ( j 4 ) I b − ( j12 ) I b − j 4 ( I a ) = Va − Vb = VLINE ∠30°

( j12 ) I b + ( j 4 ) I c − ( j12 ) I c − ( j 4 ) I b = Vb − Vc = VLINE ∠ − 90°
KCL: I a + I b + I c = 0
In matrix form:
 j12 − j 4 − ( j12 − j 4 ) 0   I a  VL ∠30° 
   
 0 ( j12 − j 4 ) − ( j12 − j 4 )   I b  = VL ∠90°
 1 1 1   I c   0 
  
where VL = 100 3

Solving for I a , I b , I c , one gets I a = 12.5∠ − 90°; I b = 12.5∠150°; I c = 12.5∠30°A

(b) Using symmetrical components,
 0   j12 + 2 ( j 4 ) 0 0 
   
Vs = 100  ; Z s =  0 j12 − j 4 0 
 0   0 0 j12 − j 4 

From the solution of Problem 8.18 upon substituting the values
1 1 1
Is = Zs −1
Vs and I p = A I s where A = 1 a 2 a 
1 a a 2 

which result in
I a = 12.5∠ − 90°; I b = 12.5∠150°; I c = 12.5∠30° A

which is same as in (a)

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 1 1 1 1 1 1
Z s = A −1 Z p A; A = 1 a 2 a  ; A−1 = 1 a
 a 2 
1
8.25 (a)
3
1 a a 2  1 a 2 a 

The load sequence impedance matrix comes out as

 6 + j 30 0 0 

Zs =  0 6 + j 21 0  Ω
 0 0 6 + j 21

see the result of Problem 8.18

 200∠25°  1 1 1
(b) Vp = 100∠ − 155°  ; Vs = A−1 Vp ; A−1 = 1 a
  a 2 
1
3
80∠100°  1 a 2 a 
Symmetrical components of the line-to-neutral voltages are given by:
V0 = 47.7739∠57.6268°; V1 = 112.7841∠ − 0.0331°; V2 = 61.6231∠45.8825° V
(c) Vs = Z s I s ; I s = Z s −1 Vs , which results in
I 0 = 1.562∠ − 21.06°; I1 = 5.164∠ − 74.0877°; I 2 = 2.822∠ − 28.1722° A
1 1 1
(d) I p = A I s ; A = 1 a 2 a 
1 a a 2 
The result is:
I a = 8.706∠ − 51.99°; I b = 5.062∠136°; I c = 3.129∠32.04° A

8.26

VLg 0 5.039∠ − 57.65° 5.039∠ − 57.65°

I0 = = = = 0.2016∠ − 110.78° A
3 + j 4 + Z0 ( 3 + j 4 ) + (12 + j16 ) 25∠53.13°
VLg1 272.4∠6.59°
I1 = = = 10.896∠ − 46.54° A
3 + j 4 + Z1 25∠53.13°
VLg 2 27.82∠ − 76.05°
I2 = = = 1.1128∠ − 129.18° A
3 + j 4 + Z2 25∠53.13°

216
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  I a  1 1 1   0.2016∠ − 110.78°
  
 I b  = 1 a
2
a   10.896∠ − 46.54° 
 I c  1 a a 2  1.1128∠ − 129.18° 
 
 0.2016∠ − 110.78° + 10.896∠ − 46.54° + 1.1128∠ − 129.18°
=  0.2016∠ − 110.78° + 10.896∠193.46° + 1.1128∠ − 9.18° 
 0.2016∠ − 110.78° + 10.896∠73.46 + 1.1128∠110.82° 

 6.72 − j8.96  11.2 ∠ − 53.13 °

   
=  − 9.57 − j 2.902  =  10 ∠ − 163.1 °  A
2.635 + j11.297  11.6∠76.87 ° 

Also, since the source and load neutrals are connected with a zero-ohm neutral wire,
 I a  Vag / ( 3 + j 4 + ZY )   280∠0° / 25∠53.13°  11.2∠ − 53.13° 
       
 I b  = Vbg / ( 3 + j 4 + ZY )  =  250∠ − 110° / 25∠53.13°  =  10∠ − 163.1°  A
 I c  V / ( 3 + j 4 + Z )   290∠130° / 25∠53.13°   11.6∠76.87° 
   cg Y  
Which checks.

8.27 (a) KVL : Van = Z aa I a + Z ab I b + Z ab I c + Z an I n + Va′n′

− ( Z nn I n + Z an I c + Z an I b + Z an I a )

Voltage drop across the line section is given by

Van − Va′n′ = ( Z aa − Z an ) I a + ( Z ab − Z an )( I b + I c ) + ( Z an − Z nn ) I n

Similarly for phases b and c

Vbn − Vb′n′ = ( Z aa − Z an ) I b + ( Z ab − Z an )( I a + I c ) + ( Z an − Z nn ) I n
Vcn′ − Vc′n′ = ( Z aa − Z an ) I c + ( Z ab − Z an )( I a + I b ) + ( Z an − Z nn ) I n
KCL : In = − ( Ia + Ib + Ic )

Upon substitution
Van − Va′n′ = ( Z aa + Z nn − 2 Z an ) I a + ( Z ab + Z nn − 2 Z an ) I b + ( Z ab + Z nn − 2 Z an ) I c
Vbn − Vb′n′ = ( Z ab + Z nn − 2 Z an ) I a + ( Z aa + Z nn − 2 Z an ) I b + ( Z ab + Z nn − 2 Z an ) I c
Vcn − Vc′n′ = ( Z ab + Z nn − 2 Z an ) I a + ( Z ab + Z nn − 2 Z an ) I b + ( Z aa + Z nn − 2 Z an ) I c

The presence of the neutral conductor changes the self- and mutual impedances of the
phase conductors to the following effective values:
Z s ∆ Z aa + Z nn − 2 Z an ; Z m ∆ Z ab + Z nn − 2 Z an

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 Using the above definitions
Vaa′  Van − Va′n′   Z s Zm Zm  Ia 
      
Vbb′  = Vbn − Vb′n′  =  Z m Zs Zm   Ib 
Vcc′  Vcn − Vc′n′   Z m Zm Z s   I c 
    
Where the voltage drops across the phase conductors are denoted by Vaa′ ,Vbb′ ,
and Vcc′ .
(b) The a-b-c voltage drops and currents of the line section can be written in terms of their
symmetrical components according to Eq. (8.1.9); with phase a as the reference phase,
one gets

Vaa′0    Z s − Z m i i   Zm Zm Zm   Ia0 
       
A  Vaa′1  =   i Zs − Zm i  +  Zm Zm Z m   A  I a1 
Vaa′2    i i Z s − Z m   Z m Zm Z m    I a 2 
  
Multiplying across by A−1,
Vaa′ 0   1 i i  1 1 1   I a 0 
        
Vaa′1  = A ( Z s − Z m )  i 1 i  + Z m 1 1 1  A  I a1 
−1

Vaa′ 2    i i 1 1 1 1   I a 2 

  
Vaa′ 0   Z s − 2 Z m i i  Ia0 
V  =  Zs − Zm
 
or  aa′1   i i   I a1 
Vaa′ 2   i i Z s − Z m   I a 2 

Now define zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence impedances in terms of Z s

and Z m as

Z 0 = Z s + 2 Z m = Z aa + 2 Z ab + 3 Z nn − 6 Z an
Z1 = Z s − Z m = Z aa − Z ab
Z 2 = Z s − Z m = Z aa − Z ab
Now, the sequence components of the voltage drops between the two ends of the line
section can be written as three uncoupled equations:
Vaa′0 = Van 0 − Va′n′0 = Z 0 I a 0
Vaa′1 = Van1 − Va′n′1 = Z1 I a1
Vaa′2 = Van 2 − Va′n′2 = Z 2 I a 2

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8.28 (a) The sequence impedances are given by
Z 0 = Z aa + 2 Z ab + 3 Z nn − 6 Z an = j 60 + j 40 + j 240 − j180 = j160 Ω
Z1 = Z 2 = Z aa − Z ab = j 60 − j 20 = j 40 Ω
The sequence components of the voltage drops in the line are
Vaa′ 0  Van − Va′n′  (182.0 − 154.0 ) + j ( 70.0 − 28.0 ) 
  −1   −1  
Vaa′1  = A Vbn − Vb′n′  = A ( 72.24 − 44.24 ) − j ( 32.62 − 74.62 ) 
   V − V   − (170.24 − 198.24 ) + j ( 88.62 − 46.62 ) 
Vaa′ 2   cn c ′n′   
 28.0 + j 42.0   28.0 + j 42.0 
= A  28.0 + j 42.0  = 
−1
0  kV

 28.0 + j 42.0   0 
From Problem 8.22 result, it follows that
Vaa′0 = 28,000 + j 42,000 = j160 I a 0 ; Vaa′1 = 0 = j 40 I a1 ; Vaa′2 = 0 = j 40 I a 2
From which the symmetrical components of the currents in phase a are
I a 0 = ( 262.5 − j175 ) A; I a1 = I a 2 = 0

The line currents are then given by

I a = I b = I c = ( 262.5 − j175 ) A
(b) Without using symmetrical components:
The self- and mutual impedances [see solution of Problem 8.22(a)] are
Z s = Z aa + Z nn − 2 Z an = j 60 + j80 − j 60 = j80 Ω
Z m = Z ab + Z nn − 2 Z an = j 20 + j80 − j 60 = j 40 Ω
So, line currents can be calculated as [see solution of Problem 8.22(a)]
Vaa′  28 + j 42   j80 j 40 j 40   I a 
      
Vbb′  = 28 + j 42  × 10 =  j 40
3
j80 j 40   I b 
Vcc′  28 + j 42   j 40 j 40 j80   I c 
 
−1
 I a   j80 j 40 j 40   28 + j 42 
  
 I b  =  j 40 j80 j 40   28 + j 42  × 103
 
 I c   j 40 j 40 j80   28 + j 42 
 
262.5 − j175
= 262.5 − j175 A
262.5 − j175

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8.29 Z1 = Z 2 = j 0.5 × 200 = j100 Ω
Z 0 = j 2 × 200 = j 400 Ω
Y1 = Y2 = j 3 × 10 −9 × 200 × 103 = j 6 × 10 −4 S
Y0 = j1 × 10 −9 × 200 × 103 = j 2 × 10 −4 S
Nominal- π sequence circuits are shown below:

VAB 480∠0°
8.30 (a) I AB = = = 23.31∠ − 29.05° A
(18 + j10 ) 20.59∠29.05°
VBC 480∠120°
I BC = = = 23.31∠ − 149.05° A
(18 + j10 ) 20.59∠29.05°
(b) I A = I AB = 23.31∠ − 29.05° A
I B = I BC − I AB = 23.31∠ − 149.05° - 23.31∠ − 29.05°
I B = −40.37 − j 0.6693 = 40.38∠180.95° A
IC = − I BC = 23.31∠30.95° A
I L0  1 1 1   23.31∠ − 29.05°
  1
(c)  I L1  = 1 a a 2   40.38∠180.95° 
3
I L2  1 a 2 a   23.31∠30.95° 
 
 23.31∠ − 29.05° + 40.38∠180.95° + 23.31∠30.95° 
= 23.31∠ − 29.05° + 40.38∠300.95° + 23.31∠270.95° 
1
3
 23.31∠ − 29.05° + 40.38∠60.95° + 23.31∠150.95° 
 0 + j0   0 
= 13.84 − j 23.09  =  26.92∠ − 59.06° A
  
6.536 + j11.77   13.46∠60.96° 

220
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8.31

I Line 0 = I Line 2 = 0
 200 
Vg1   ∠90°
I Line1 = =  3
 Z∆   10 
Z Line1 +   0.5∠80° +  3  ∠40°
 3   
115.47∠90° 115.47∠90°
= = = 30.96∠45.05° A
2.64 + j 2.635 3.73∠44.95°

8.32

221
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 Vgan = Vg1 = Vm1 + Z Line1 I m1
5000∠ cos−1 0.8
I m1 = = 18.04∠36.87° A
200 3 ( 0.8 )
200
Vgan = ∠0° + ( 0.5∠80° )(18.04∠36.87° )
3
= 115.47 + ( −4.077 + j8.046 )
= 111.39 + j8.046
= 111.7∠4.131° V
Vg = 3 (111.7 ) = 193.5V (Line to Line)

8.33 Converting the ∆ load to an equivalent Y, and then writing two loop equations:

 2 ( Z L + ZY ) − ( Z L + ZY )   I  Vcg − Vag 
  c  =  
 − ( Z L + ZY ) 2 ( Z L + ZY )   − I b  Vag − Vbg 
 
 21.46∠43.78° −10.73∠43.78°  I c   295∠115° − 277∠0° 
 −10.73∠43.78° 21.46∠43.78°    =  
   − I b   277∠0° − 260∠ − 120°
−1
 I c   21.46∠43.78° −10.73∠43.78°  482.5∠146.35°
  =  −10.73∠43.78° 21.46∠43.78°   
 − I b     465.1∠28.96° 
 I c   0.06213∠ − 43.78° 0.03107∠ − 43.78°   482.5∠146.35°
  = 0.03107∠ − 43.78° 0.06213∠ − 43.78°   
 − I b     465.1∠28.96° 
 I c   29.98∠102.57° + 14.45∠ − 14.82°   7.445 + j 25.57 
 = = 
 − I b  14.99∠102.57° + 28.90∠ − 14.82°   24.68 + j 7.239 
 I c  26.62∠73.77°
 = A
 − I b   25.71∠16.34° 

222
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 Also, I a = − I b − I c

I a = ( 24.68 + j 7.239 ) − ( 7.445 + j 25.57 )

I a = 17.23 − j18.33 = 25.15∠ − 46.76°
 I a   25.15∠ − 46.76°
   
 I b  =  25.71∠196.34°  A
 I c   26.62∠73.77° 
 
which agrees with Ex. 8.6. The symmetrical components method is easier because it
avoids the need to invert a matrix.

8.34 The line-to-ground fault on phase a of the machine is shown below, along with the
corresponding sequence networks:

13.8
With the base voltage to neutral kV ,
3
Va = 0; Vb = 1.013∠ − 102.25°; Vc = 1.013∠102.25° pu.
= ( −0.215 − j 0.99 ) pu = ( −0.215 + j 0.99 ) pu

(13.8 )
2
j 2.38 j 3.33
with Z base = = 9.52 Ω, Z1 = = j 0.25; Z 2 = = j 0.35;
20 9.52 9.52
j 0.95
Z g0 = = j 0.1; Z n = 0; Z 0 = j 0.1pu
9.52

223
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 The symmetrical components of the voltages at the fault point are
Va 0  1 1 1  0   −0.143 + j 0 
  1
Va1  = 3 1 a a   −0.215 − j 0.99  =  0.643 + j 0  pu
2

Va 2  1 a 2 a   −0.215 + j 0.99   −0.500 + j 0 

 

Ia0 = −
Va 0
=−
( −0.143 + j 0 ) = − j1.43pu
Z g0 j 0.1
Ean − Va1 (1 + j 0 ) − ( 0.643 + j 0 )
I a1 = = = − j1.43pu
Z1 j 0.25
Va 2 ( −0.5 + j 0 )
Ia2 = − =− = − j1.43pu
Z2 j 0.35
∴ Fault current into the ground I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 = 3I a 0 = − j 4.29 pu

20,000
With base current = 837 A , the subtransient current in line a is
3 × 13.8
I a = 4.29 × 837 = 3590 A

Line-to-line voltages during the fault are: (on base voltage to neutral)
Vab = Va − Vb = 0.215 + j 0.99 = 1.01∠77.7° pu = 8.05∠77.7° kV
Vbc = Vb − Vc = 0 − j1.98 = 1.98∠270° pu = 15.78∠270° kV
Vca = Vc − Va = −0.215 + j 0.99 = 1.01∠102.3° pu = 8.05∠102.3° kV

Phasor diagrams of line voltages before and after the fault are shown below:

Vab = 13.8∠30° kV Vab = 8.05∠77.7° kV

Vbc = 13.8∠270° kV Vbc = 15.78∠270° kV
Vca = 13.8∠150° kV Vca = 8.05∠102.3° kV
(Balanced) (Unbalanced)

8.35 Base MVA = 100

100 100 100
G1 : X = 0.1 × = 0.5; G2 : X = 0.15 × = 0.375; G3 : X = 0.15 × = 0.375
20 40 40
100 100
Reactors: X1 = 0.05 × = 0.25; X 2 = 0.04 × = 0.25pu.
20 16
Per-phase reactance diagram is shown below: (Excluding the source)

224
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 [in pu]

 j 0.5  j ( 0.25 + 0.2344 )  with respect to f = j 0.246

100
∴ Fault MVA = = 406.5MVA ←
0.246
406.5 × 106
Fault Current = = 17,780 A
3 × 13.2 × 103
= 17.78 kA

8.36 Line-to-ground fault: Let Va = 0; I b = I c = 0 ←

1
Then I a 0 =
3
( I a + I b + I c ) = 13 I a
1 1
I a1 =
3
( I a + aI b + a 2 I c ) = I a
3
1 1
Ia2 = ( I a + a 2 I b + aI c ) = I a
3 3
1
so that I a 0 = I a1 = I a 2 = I a ; Va 0 + Va1 + Va 2 = 0 ←
3
Sequence network interconnection is shown below:

Ea
I 0 = I1 = I 2 =
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2
V0 + V1 + V2 = 0 ←
3E a
Ia =
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2

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8.37 (a) Short circuit between phases b and c: I b + I c = 0; I a = 0 (Open Line); Vb = Vc
then I a 0 = 0;
1 1
I a1 =
3
( 0 + aI b + a 2 I c ) = 3 ( aI b − a 2 I b )
1
= ( a − a2 ) Ib
3
1 1 1
I a 2 = ( 0 + a 2 I b + aI c ) = ( a 2 I b − aI b ) = ( a 2 − a ) I b
3 3 3
so that I a1 = − I a 2
From Vb = Vc , one gets Va 0 + a 2Va1 + aVa 2 = Va 0 + aVa1 + a 2Va 2
so that Va1 = Va 2
Sequence network interconnection is shown below:

(b) Double line-to-ground fault:

Fault conditions in phase domain are represented by I a = 0; Vb = Vc = 0
1
Sequence components: Va 0 = Va1 = Va 2 = Va
3
I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 = 0
Sequence network interconnection is shown below:

8.38 (a)

226
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 (b)

8.39

227
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 2
 345   100 
8.40 X pu new = ( 0.09 )     = 0.02755 per unit
 360   300 

8.41

2
 18   100 
X g1− 0 = ( 0.05 )     = 0.0054 = X g 2 − 0
 20   750 
 100 
X m 3−0 = ( 0.05 )   = 0.003333
 1500 
2
 18 
Xn2 = ( 0.06 )   = 0.0486 3 X n 2 = 0.1458
 20 

8.42 VA1 = 1∠45° + 30° = 1∠75° = 0.2588 + j 0.9659

VA2 = 0.5∠250 − 30° = 0.5∠220° = −0.383 − j 0.321
VA = VA1 + VA2 = 0.12422 + j 0.645 = 0.656∠100.91°
VB1 = a 2VA1 = 1∠315° = 1∠ − 45° = 0.7071 − j 0.7071
VB 2 = aVA2 = 0.5∠340° = 0.5∠ − 20° = 0.469 − j 0.171
VB = VB1 + VB 2 = 1.177 − j 0.878 = 1.47∠ − 36.7°
VC1 = aVA1 = 1∠195° = −0.9659 − j 0.2588
VC 2 = a 2VA 2 = 0.5∠100° = −0.0868 + j 0.492
VC = VC1 + VC 2 = −1.053 − j 0.234 = 1.078∠167.49°

228
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Line-to-line voltages are given by: [in pu on line-neutral voltage base]

VAB = VA − VB = −1.301 + j1.523

= 2∠130.5° ←
 Note: Divide by 3
VBC = VB − VC = 2.32 − j1.112 
if the base is
= 2.57∠ − 25.6° ← line-to-line voltage
VCA = VC − VA = −1.177 − j 0.411 
= 1.25∠ − 160.75° ←
Load impedance in each phase is 1∠0° pu.
∴ I a1 = Va1 in pu; I a 2 = Va 2 in pu
Thus I A = VA in pu
I A = 0.656∠100.91° pu 

I B = 1.47∠ − 36.7° pu  ←

I C = 1.078∠167.49° pu 

8.43 (a)

Per Unit Zero Sequence e j 90° : i e j 90° : i

1
X1 = X 2 = X 3 = ( 0.1 + 0.1 − 0.1) (e + j 90° : i) (e j 90° : i )
2
= 0.05 per unit Per Unit Positive Sequence
(Per Unit Negative Sequence)
(b)

Per Unit Zero Sequence Per Unit Positive Sequence

(Per Unit Negative Sequence)

229
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 (c)

Per unit Zero Sequence e j 23.40 : i

(e − j 23.40 : i )
Per Unit Positive Sequence
(Per Unit Negative Sequence)

8.44

Per Unit Zero Sequence Network

Per Unit Positive (or Negative) Sequence Network (Phase Shift Not Shown)
p-primary
s-secondary
t-tertiary

230
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
8.45 S3φ = Van I a* + Vbn I b* + Vcn I c*
= ( 280∠0° )(14 ∠53.13° ) + ( 250∠ − 110° )(12.5∠163.1° )
+ ( 290∠130° )(14.5∠ − 76.87° )
= 3920∠53.13° + 3125∠53.1° + 4205∠53.13°
= 6751 + j8999
P3φ = Re S3φ = 6751W 
 delivered to the load.
Q3φ = Im S3φ = 8999 vars 

8.46 (a)

Z0 = Z y + 3 Zn
= 2 + j2 + j3
= 2 + j 5 = 5.385∠68.20°

V0 10∠60°
(b) I 0 = =
Z 0 5.385∠68.20°
I 0 = 1.857∠ − 8.199° A
Z∆
Z1 = ZY // = ( 2 + j 2 ) // ( 2 + j 2 ) = 1 + j = 2∠45°.Ω
3
V 100∠0°
I1 = 1 = = 70.71∠ − 45° A
Z1 2∠45°
Z 2 = Z1 = 2∠45°Ω
V2 15∠200°
I2 = = = 10.61∠155° A
Z2 2 ∠45°
S0 = V0 I 0* = (10∠60° )(1.857∠8.199° ) = 6.897 + j17.24
S0 = 18.57∠68.199°
S1 = V1 I1* = (100∠0° )( 70.71∠45° ) = 5000 + j 5000
S1 = 7071∠45°
S2 = V2 I 2* = (15∠200° )(10.61∠ − 155° ) = 112.5 + j112.5
S2 = 159.∠45°

231
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 (c) S3φ = 3 ( S0 + S1 + S2 ) = 3 ( 5119 + j 5129 )
S3φ = 15,358. + j15,389.
S3φ = 21.74 × 103 ∠45.06° VA

8.47 S3φ = Va 0 I a*0 + Va1 I a*1 + Va 2 I a*2

Substituting values of voltages and currents from the solution of Problem 8.12,
S3φ = 0 + ( 0.9857∠43.6° )( 0.9857∠ − 43.6° ) + ( 0.2346∠250.3° )( 0.2346∠ − 250.3° )
= ( 0.9857 ) + ( 0.2346 )
2 2

= 1.02664 pu
With the three-phase 500-kVA base,
S3φ = 513.32 kW
To compute directly:
The Equivalent ∆-Connected resistors are
R∆ = 3 RY = 3 × 10.58 = 31.74 Ω
From the given line-to-line voltages
2 2 2
Vab Vbc Vca
S3φ = + +
R∆ R∆ R∆
(1840 ) + ( 2760 ) + ( 2300 )
2 2 2

=
31.74
= 513.33 kW

8.48 The complex power delivered to the load in terms of symmetrical components:
S3φ = 3 ( Va 0 I a*0 + Va1 I a*1 + Va 2 I a*2 )
Substituting values from the solution of Problem 8.20,
S3φ = 3  47.7739∠57.6268° (1.562∠21.06° ) + 112.7841∠ − 0.0331° ( 5.164∠74.0877° )
+61.6231∠45.8825° ( 2.822∠28.1722° ) 
= 1154.7 + j1388.4 VA
The complex power delivered to the load by summing up the power in each phase:
S3φ = Va I a* + Vb I b* + Vc I c* ; with values from Problem 8.25 solution,

= 200∠25° ( 8.706∠ − 51.99° ) + 100∠ − 155° ( 5.062∠136° )

+80∠100° ( 3.129∠32.04° ) 
= 1154.7 + j1388.4 VA

232
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8.49 From Problem 8.6(a) solution:
Va = 116∠9.9° V; Vb = 41.3∠ − 76° V; Vc = 96.1∠168° V

From Problem 8.5, I a = 12∠0° A; I b = 6∠ − 90° A; I c = 8∠150° A

(a) In terms of phase values
S = Va I a* + Vb I b* + Vc I c*
= 116∠9.9° (12∠0° ) + 41.3∠ − 76° ( 6∠90° ) + 96.1∠168° ( 8∠ − 150° )
= ( 2339.4 + j 537.4 ) VA ←
(b) In terms of symmetrical components:
V0 = 10∠0° V; V1 = 80∠30° V; V2 = 40∠ − 30° V From Problem 8.6(a)
I 0 = 1.82∠ − 21.5° A; I1 = 8.37∠16.2° A; I 2 = 2.81∠ − 36.3° From Problem 8.5 Soln.
∴ S = 3 (V0 I 0* + V1 I1* + V2 I 2* )
= 3 10∠0° (1.82∠21.5° ) + 80∠30° ( 8.37∠ − 16.2° ) + 40∠ − 30° ( 2.81∠36.3° ) 
= 3 ( 779.8 + j179.2 )
= ( 2339.4 + j 537.4 ) VA ←

233
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 234
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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