By

MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim

Q1
A branch of criminology dealing with prison
management, and the deterrence and
reformatory treatment of criminals.
a. Corrections
b. Penology
c. Punishment
d. Rehabilitation
Q2
Period in history where offenders may seek
refuge in the church.
a. 13th Century
b. 16th Century
c. 17th Century
d. 19th Century
Q3
Children and lunatics were exempted from
punishment on ground that they are not capable
of knowing the effects of their criminal acts
intelligently.
a. Classical School
b. Neo Classical School
c. Positivist School
d. Eclectic School
Q4
A harsh code that provides the same
punishment for both citizens and the slaves.
a. Code of Hammurabi
b. Justinian Code
c. Code of Draco
d. Burgundian Code
Q5
A correctional institution used to detain persons
who are in the lawful custody of the
government (either accused persons awaiting
trial or convicted persons serving a sentence); a
British term.
a. Ergastulum
b. Underground cistern
c. Mamertine Prison
d. Gaols
Q6
An early prison which was built in 1556 in
London for the employment and housing of
English prisoners.
a. Bridewell Institution
b. Sing Sing Prisons
c. St Michael Prisons
d. Borstal Prison
Q7
A prison reformer responsible for the abolition
of death penalty and torture as a form of
punishment.
a. Cesare Bonesana Marchese de Beccaria
b. Charles Montesquieu
c. Voltaire
d. William Penn
Q8
This penal farm occupies a total of 16,408.5
hectares.
a. Davao Penal Colony
b. Iwahig Penal Farm
c. New Bilibid Prison
d. Sablayan Penal Colony & Farm

BACK
Q9
Following are the principal purposes of prison in
the past, EXCEPT
a. Vengeance
b. Punishment
c. Deterrence
d. Reformation
Q10
Term being used to sentenced prisoner.
a. Convict
b. Inmate
c. Intern
d. Prisoner
Q11
Agency that exercises supervision and control of
institution and community based corrections.
a. Department of Interior and Local
Government
b. Department of Justice
c. Supreme Court of the Philippines
d. Department of Social Work & Department
Q12
Also known as insular prisoners and are
sentenced to more than 3 years imprisonment.
a. City prisoners
b. Municipal prisoners
c. National prisoners
d. Provincial prisoners
Q13
It refers to the requirements for admission in
any of BUCOR facilities.
a. Carpeta
b. Commitment order
c. Mittimus
d. Per capita
Q14
It is a unit where a prisoner is examined to
determine individualized treatment program.
a. Admission Unit
b. Assignment Unit
c. Classification Unit
d. Reception and Diagnostic Center
Q15
Habitual delinquents and escapees are housed
in
a. Minimum security
b. Medium security
c. Maximum security
d. Super maximum security
Q16
A newly arrived inmate committed for the first
time is classified in the BUCOR as
a. 1st Class Inmate
b. 2nd Class Inmate
c. 3rd Class Inmate
d. Colonist
Q17
The law that governs correctional system in the
Philippines, otherwise known as Prison Law.
a. Civil Code of the Philippines
b. National Internal Revenue Code
c. Revised Administrative Code of the
Philippines
d. Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
Q18
Following are the occasions inmates may be
allowed to go out, EXCEPT
a. Medical examination
b.Treatment or hospitalization
c. View remains of a deceased relative
d.Therapeutical leave
Q19
In general, a detainee is not required to work
except if necessary for cleanliness and orderliness.
Full credit of period of preventive detention is given
if detainee agreed in writing to abide with the same
regimen with sentenced prisoners. If detainee does
not agree, he will be entitled to
a. 1/5 of detention period
b. 3/4 of detention period
c. 4/5 of detention period
d. 5/8 of detention period
Q20
Crime is no longer defined as an attack on the
state and a violation of law but rather an offense
by one person against another and a violation of
relationships.
a. Punitive Justice
b. Rehabilitative Justice
c. Restorative Justice
d. Retributive Justice
 Explanations
• Rights of Inmates
– To receive compensation for labor he
performed
– To be deducted GCTA from sentence as long
as there are no infractions warranting non-
deduction under the law
– To send and receive correspondence
– To practice his faith or religion
 Explanations
• Rights of Inmates
– To receive authorized visitors on designated
time and place
– To air grievances through the proper
channels
– To receive death benefits and pecuniary aid
for injuries
 Explanations
• Detainee not required to work – only
necessary for cleanliness & orderliness
– Full credit of period of preventive detention – if
detainee agreed in writing to abide same regimen
with sentenced prisoners; not allowed to
recidivist
– 4/5 of detention period – if detainee does not
agree
 Explanations
• Female inmates – assigned to jobs suitable to their
physical condition & age
• Inmates over 60 yrs old excused from mandatory
prison labor
• Maximum security inmates not allowed to work
outside maximum-security compound
• Compensation may be received 6 mos after being
permanently assigned to work
 Explanations
• All/part of compensation may be paid for
supplies & equipment lost or damaged due to
his fault
• Compensation how given
• ½ to buy his needs
• ½ paid only upon release

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 Explanations
• Inmates Allowed to Go Out upon Approval of
Sec of DOJ on the ff occasions:
– Medical examination
– Treatment or hospitalization
 Explanations
– View remains of a deceased relative (for
minimum or medium security prisoners only):
• Wife or husband
• Child
• Brother/sister
• Parents
• Grandchild
• Grandparent
 Explanations
NOTE:
– privilege allowed if remains is w/in 30-km
radius by road;
– viewing is no more than 3 hrs; and
– may be granted even for more than 30-km
provided inmate can return during daylight
hours of same day
 Explanations
• Transfer of Inmate to Prison & Penal Farm –
upon recommendation of Classification Board,
Director of Corrections may transfer inmate if:
• Physically & psychologically fit
• Assignment is therapeutically beneficial

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 Explanations
• Law Governing Correctional System – Sections
1705 – 1751 of Revised Administrative Code of
the Philippines
– Mode of Treatment of Prisoners – Section
1725
» Humane
» Youthful offenders separated from adult
convicts
» Female inmates separated from male
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 Explanations
• Classification of Inmates in BUCOR
– Detainee – have other pending cases
– 3rd Class Inmate –
• previously committed for 3 times or more
• demoted from higher class
 Explanations
– 2nd Class Inmate –
• newly arrived inmate committed for 1st time
• demoted from higher class
• promoted from lower class
– 1st class Inmate –
• Earned thru his character & credit for work
while still in detention
• Promoted from lower class
 Explanations
– Colonist –
• 1st Class Inmate for at least 1 yr
• Served w/ good conduct, at least 1/5th
his maximum sentence
• Has served 7 yrs in case of life sentence
• Privilege of colonist: Act No. 2489,
Industrial Good Time law

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 Explanations
• Classification: Determine (1) security status, &
(2) privilege entitlement
• Classification Board:
– Chairman – Penal Superintendent
– V-Chairman – Chief, RDC
– Member – Medical Officer
– Member – Chief, Education Section
– Member – Agro-Industries Section
– Member – Chief Overseer
 Explanations
• Maximum security inmates –
– death,
– 20 yrs minimum sentence
– Remand inmates or detainees w/ 2o yrs minimum
sentence
– Sentence under review by SC,
– Sentence under appeal,
– With pending cases,
– Recidivists,
 Explanations
• Maximum security inmates –
– Habitual delinquents & escapees,
– Under disciplinary punishment or
safekeeping,
– Criminally insane or with severe personality
or emotional disorders dangerous to others
– Inmates still confined at RDC
 Explanations
• Medium security inmates –
– Less than 20 yrs
– Remand inmates below 20 yrs
– 18 yrs old & below regardless of case or
sentence,
– 2 or more escape records but have served 8 yrs
since recommitment,
– Life imprisonment who have served at least 5
yrs upon recommendation of Superintendent
 Explanations
• Minimum security inmates –
– With severe physical handicap
– 65 yrs old & above & not on appeal or w/out
pending case
– Who have served at least ½ of minimum sentence
– Who have served 1/3 of maximum sentence
EXCELUDING good conduct & time allowance
(GCTA)
– W/ only 6 mos to serve before expiration of
maximum sentence

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 Explanations
• RDC – for admission of new prisoners.
– Prisoners will be
• Studied
• Classified
– Purpose of RDC:
• For individualized treatment program
 Explanations
– Death sentence prisoners not admitted in
RDC; directly placed on death row, awaiting
automatic review of their cases
– Female inmates (more than 3 yrs) –
Correctional Institute for Women in
Mandaluyong City & undergo classification
at RDC there.
 Explanations
– Upon Admission: inmate with pending case,
quarantined for a minimum of 5 days for
the ff:
• Physical & mental examination; sick
brought to NBP hospital.
• Orientation on prison rules
• Private interview
 Explanations
– Within 2 mos: tests for individualized
treatment:

1. Psychiatric 5. Educational
2. Psychological 6. Religious
3. Sociological 7. IQ test
4. Vocational 8. Other test

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 Explanations
• Mittimus and Commitment Order
• Per capita literally means per head. This is
being applied to the budget per prisoner per
day which is P30.00.
 Explanations
• Contents of Carpeta:
– Pre-Parole Report/Pre-Parole
Questionnaire/Pre-Executive Clemency
Investigation Report
– Prison Record
– Mittimus/Commitment Order of Court –
warrant issued by a court bearing its seal &
signature of judge, directing jail or prison
authorities to receive inmates for custody or
service of sentence imposed therein.
 Explanations
• Contents of Carpeta:
– Fiscal’s Information & Court decision
– Certification of detention, if any
– Certification that case is not on appeal, or if
appealed (decision of appellate court)
– Certification from warden – if national
prisoner, reason(s) for his continued
confinement
 Explanations
• Contents of Carpeta:
– Detainee’s manifestation (R.A. 6127)
– Estafa, swindling & illegal recruitment case:
certification of no pending case

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 Explanations
• Classification of Prisoners
– National Prisoners
– Provincial Prisoners
– Municipal Prisoners
– City Prisoners
 Explanations
3 agencies of DOJ exercising supervision &
control of institution & community based
corrections:
• Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR): rehab of
national prisoner
• Board of Pardons & Parole
• Parole & Probation Administration
 Explanations
Other agencies:
• DILG & Provincial Local Government Unit –
municipal, city & provincial prisoners
– DILG: District, City & Municipal Jails nationwide
– Provincial Local Government Units: Provincial Jails
• DSWD – youth offenders
– Operates Regional Rehabilitation Centers, located
in 10 sites nationwide

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 Explanations
• Changes in Prison Terminologies:
– Convicts: changed to inmates
– Inmates: there are moves to change it to interns, as if
they are now the same as medical students doing
practical training in hospitals;
– Bureau of Prisons: changed to Bureau of Corrections
– Confinement quarters: named dormitories, like
college students boarding and lodging at the facility;
– Imprisonment: now called confinement, like being
confined in a hospital for treatment of an illness; &
– Prison: now called penal facility or simply facility.

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 Explanations
7 Penal Colonies of the Philippines:
1. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
2. Iwahig Penal Farm
3. Correctional Institution for Women
4. New Bilibid Prison
5. Davao Penal Colony
6. Sablayan Penal Colony & Farm
7. Leyte Regional Prison
 Explanations
• Other prison or related institution:
– Old Bilibid Prison
– Reception & Diagnostic Center
– Manila Office
– Provincial Jail System

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 Explanations
Prison Reformers
Name Contribution
William Penn • first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional treatment
for major offenders
• responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a
form of punishment
Charles • French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an
Montesquieu expression of justice
Voltaire • believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime

Cesare Beccaria • presented the humanistic goal of law

 Explanations
Prison Reformers
Name Contribution
Jeremy Bentham • greatest leader in reform of English Criminal Law
• believes that whatever punishment designed to negate
whatever pleasure or gain criminal derives from crime, crime
rate would go down
• Devised panoptical prison
John Howard • Sheriff of Bedfordshire, England; recommended:
• maintenance of facilities for children & women
• provision of sanitation facilities
• adequate salaries for jailers
Manuel • Director of prison in Valencia, Spain in 1935
Montesion • Divided prisons into companies
• Appointed prisoners as petty officers in charge
 Explanations
Prison Reformers
Name Contribution
Llemetz of • established agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839
France • appointed house fathers as in charge of delinquent boys
Alexander • former superintendent of British penal colony at Norfolk Island
Maconochie • governor of Birmingham Borough Prison
• introduced Mark System
 substitute for corporal punishment
 prisoner: required to earn a number of marks by good
behavior, labor & study
 enable prisoner to earn ticket of leave or conditional
release, similar to parole
Sir Walter • director of Irish Prison in 1854
Crofton • introduced Irish System – a.k.a. progressive stage system
• father of parole in various European countries
 Explanations
Prison Reformers
Name Contribution
Zebulon R. • "Father of prison reform" in the United States
Brockway • first superintendent of Elmira Reformatory Institution
• introduced a program of education, training in useful trades,
physical activity, indeterminate sentences, inmate
classification, and an incentive program
• believed that primary reason to have a prisoner in custody was
to rehabilitate and not simply just to punish
• first introduced “good time” system: reduction of sentences
thru good marks earned thru good behavior
Sir Evelyn • director of English Prison
Ruggles Brise • opened Borstal Institute after visiting Elmira Reformatory in
1897
James V. Bennett • director of Federal Bureau of Prisons
• wrote about closing of Alcatraz Prison
 Explanations
Prison Reformers
Name Contribution
Fred T. Wilkinson • last warden of Alcatraz Prison
Jean Jacques • pioneered classification to separate women or children from
Villain hardened criminals

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 Explanations
Early Prison Systems
Prison Description
Bridewell Institution • first house of correction
• established in 1556 in Bridewell, England; a workhouse for
vagabonds, idlers, and rogues
• vagrants and prostitutes were given work while serving
their sentences
• forerunner of prison industry program
• superseded by banishment
Sing Sing Prisons • floggings, denial of reading materials and solitary
confinement
• shower bath was a gadget so constructed as to drop a
volume of water on the head of a locked naked offender
• force of icy cold water hitting head of offender caused so
much pain and extreme shock that prisoners immediately
sank into coma due to shock and hypothermia or sudden
drop in body temperature
 Explanations
Early Prison Systems
Prison Description
St. Michael Prisons • first established in the year 1704 at the Hospital
of St. Michael during the reign of Pope Clement
XI
• divided into cells
• prototype of reformatories for juvenile offenders
• concepts:
- Rehabilitative concept
- Segregation of prisoners
- Forced silence for contemplation of prisoners
- Many practices were adopted in Auburn
system
 Explanations
Early Prison Systems
Prison Description
Borstal Prison • Now known as HM Prison Rochester
• Male Young Offenders Institution, located in the Borstal
area of Rochester in Kent, England
• Founded in 1870
• Was then an experimental juvenile prison of the
reformatory type set up in 1902
• First detention center of its kind in the UK
• Word "Borstal" became synonymous with other detention
centers for youths across the country, and elsewhere
Alcatraz Prison • Located at Alcatraz Island (the Rock) in San Francisco Bay
• A military fortification, a military prison, and a Federal
Bureau of Prisons federal prison until 1963
• Considered a National Historic Landmark in 1986
 Explanations
Early Prison Systems
Prison Description
Panopticon • type of building designed by Jeremy Bentham in the late
18th century
• purpose: allow an observer to observe (-opticon) all (pan-)
inmates of an institution without them being able to tell
whether or not they are being watched.
Elmira Reformatory • opened in 1876
• first penal institution with philosophy on reformation and
treatment
• educational and vocational program: to treat lack of skill to
survive; forerunner of modern penology
• parole started in U.S. in 1876 at Elmira Reformatory
Panopticon
 Explanations
Early Prison Systems
Prison Description
Walnut Street Jail • first American penitentiary
• located in Philadelphia
• solitary confinement
• caters education, athletics, military, vocational & religious
trainings for developing good citizens
Newgate Prison • not a real prison but abandoned copper mine of Simsbury,
Connecticut
• inmates: confined underground (black hole of horrors)
• superseded by Wethersfield Connecticut in 1827
 Explanations
Early Prison Systems
Prison Description
Auburn System • located at Auburn, State of New York
• a.k.a. “congregate system”
• solitary confinement
• tiny cells for individual prisoners
• absolute silence
• prisoners allowed to work during daytime
Pennsylvania System • rival of Auburn system
• a.k.a. “solitary system”
• Walnut Street Jail in 1790
• Western Penitentiary in 1826
• Eastern Penitentiary in 1830
• concept of solitary confinement and rendering labor
• cell: exercise area
• work area for prisoner to work during the day
• solitary confinement coupled with Bible reading
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 Explanations
• Gaol is an old term which simply means jail.
• Ergastulum is a Roman prison used to confine slaves;
they were attached to workbenches and forced to do
hard labor in period of imprisonment.
• Underground cistern is a reservoir for storing liquids;
especially an underground tank for storing rainwater.
This was also used as prison in ancient times.
• Mamertine Prison is an early Roman place of
confinement which is built under the main sewer of
Rome in 64 B.C.

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 Explanations
1. Code of Hammurabi (1760 B.C.) – oldest code
prescribing savage punishment. Its core
principle: Lex Taliones – a.k.a. “an eye for an
eye and a tooth for a tooth.”
2. Justinian Code – written by Emperor Justinian
of Rome in 6th C.A.D.
3. The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae) – represented
the earliest codification of Roman law
incorporated into the Justinian Code.
 Explanations
4. Code of Draco – a harsh code that provides
the same punishment for both citizens and
the slaves
5. Burgundian Code – specified punishment
according to the social class of offenders.
6. Code of Kalantiao – promulgated in 1433 by
Datu Kalantiao
7. Maragtas Code – by Datu Sumakwel

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 Explanations
Theory Description
Classical • Emphasis on crime not offender
• Punishment: retributive & punitive; proportional to crime
• Man has free will
• Psychological hedonism
• Punishment (pain) must exceed thought of committing crime
(pleasure)
• Punishment – All: regardless of age, mentality, social status & other
personal circumstances

Neo • Essentially agrees with Classical School

Classical • Children & lunatics should not be punished: cannot calculate pleasure
& pain
Positivist • A.k.a. Italian School
• Crime: social phenomenon
• Criminal: sick person needing treatment not punishment
• Proponents of parole, probation, juvenile court, experiments with
youthful offenders, & other measures
 Explanations
• Eclectic means selecting what seems best of
various styles or ideas.
• This is true in our RPC:
– Classical: Imposition of capital punishment or
greater penalty on heinous crimes
– Neo-classical: Exempting circumstances
– Positivist: Compassionate on economic & social
crime

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 Explanations
Period Practice Description
13th Securing Sanctuary • Criminal seeks refuge in church to avoid
Century punishment
• After 40 days, he is compelled to leave by a road
or path assigned to him
16th Transportation • Practiced in England
Century • Russia and other European countries followed at
the end of 16th century
• Partially relieved overcrowding of prisons
• Abandoned in 1826
17th – Death Penalty • Became prevalent as a form of punishment
18th
Century
 Explanations
GOLDEN AGE OF PENOLOGY: 1870 – 1880
• National Prisons Association was organized in
Cincinnati in 1870
• First International Congress in 1872 at London
– International Penal & Penitentiary Commission was
established in 1875; Hague, Netherlands: first
headquarters
• Elmira Reformatory was established in NY in 1876
• Separate institution for women in Indiana &
Massachussetts
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 Explanations
• CORRECTIONS & PENOLOGY are somewhat
related in that both are concerned with the
REHABILITATION of prisoners but PENOLOGY
is the branch of criminology.
• CORRECTIONS is the more preferred term in
the modern era as it implies more of rehab
than PENOLOGY which infers punishment.
 Explanations
• The term PENOLOGY came from:
– PENO – Greek word “PIONO” and Latin
word “POENA” which means PUNISHMENT.
– LOGY – came from Latin word “LOGOS”
means science.
 Explanations
• PUNISHMENT is something someone is made
to do to compensate for a wrongdoing,
especially for crime.
– Synonymous to penalty – suffering inflicted by
state for transgressing of law.
– Theories justifying penalties:
1. Prevention 5. Justice
2. Self-defense 6. Retribution
3. Reformation 7. Expiation/Atonement
4. Exemplarity 8. Deterrence
 Explanations
• Early forms of punishment:
1. Death 6. Fines
2. Physical torture 7. Forfeiture of property
3. Mutilation 8. Banishment
4. Branding 9. Transportation
5. Public humiliation 10. Imprisonment
 Explanations
• Forms of Death:
1. Crucifixion 6. Stoning
2. Beheading 7. Drowning
3. Hanging 8. Burning at stake
4. Impaling 9. Guillotine
5. Strangling 10. Poisoning
 Explanations
• Forms of Physical Torture:
– Flogging
– Dismemberment
– Rack
– Starvation
 Explanations
• Forms of Public Humiliation:
– Stocks
– Pillory
– Ducking stool
– Furca
 Explanations
• Forms of Imprisonment:
– Confinement in dungeons
– Galleys
– Hulks
– Jails
– Houses of corrections
– Workhouses & penitentiaries
 Explanations
• Trends of Punishments:
1. Developments of exemptions 7. Fines suspended sentence
2. Pardon & commutations 8. Probation
3. Decline of severity of 9. Conditional pardon or
punishment release
4. Growth of modifications of 10. Short sentences
imprisonment
5. GCTA 11. Fines
6. Indeterminate sentence
 Explanations
• Contemporary Forms of Punishment:
1. Imprisonment
2. Parole
3. Probation
4. Fine
5. Destierro
 Explanations
• 3-Fold Purposes of Penalty in RPC
– Retribution or Expiation
– Correction or Reformation
– Special Defense
 Explanations
• Rehabilitation – the restoration of someone to
a useful place in society. This is a generic term
applicable to the treatment of offenders in
modern times.
 Related Terms
• Penal Management: refers to the manner or
practice of managing or controlling places of
confinement as jails or prisons.
• Correctional Administration: the study and
practice of a system management of jails or
prisons and other institution concerned with
the custody, treatment and rehabilitation of
criminal offenders.

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 Prevention
• The state must punish the criminal to prevent
or suppress the danger to the state arising
from the criminal acts of the offender

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 Self-Defense
• The state has the right to punish the criminal
as a measure of self-defense so as to protect
society from the threat and wrong action
inflicted by the criminal.

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 Reformation
• The object of punishment in criminal case is to
correct and reform the offender.

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 Exemplarity
• The criminal is punished to serve as an
example to others to deter from committing
the crime.

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 Justice
• That crime must be punished by the state as
an act of retributive justice, vindication of
absolute right and moral law violated by the
criminal.

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 Retribution
• Personal vengeance

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 Expiation or Atonement
• It is the execution of punishment visibly or
publicly for the purpose of appeasing a social
group. Expiation is group vengeance as
distinguished from retribution.

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 Deterrence
• Cesare Becarria, the exponent of the Classical
Theory contended that punishment is to
prevent others in committing a crime.

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 Impaling
• Killing by piercing with a spear or sharp pole

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 Burning at Stake
• A form of executing death by tying the victim
in a vertical post for burning

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 Guillotine
• Verb: Kill by cutting the head off with a
guillotine.
• Noun: Instrument of execution that consists of
a weighted blade between two vertical poles;
used for beheading people.

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 Rack
• A form of torture in which pain is inflicted by
stretching the body

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 Stocks
• Instrument of punishment consisting of a
heavy timber frame with holes in which the
feet (and sometimes the hands) of an offender
could be locked.

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 Pillory
• Instrument of punishment on a post with
holes for the wrists and neck; offenders were
locked in and so exposed to public scorn.

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 Ducking Stool
• Instrument of punishment consisting of a chair
in which offenders were ducked in water.

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 Furca
• V-shaped yolk worn around the neck and
where the outstretched arms of convict were
tied to.

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 Dungeon
• A dark cell (usually underground) where
prisoners can be confined

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 Galley
• A large medieval vessel with a single deck
propelled by sails and oars with guns at stern
and prow; a complement of 1,000 men; used
mainly in the Mediterranean for war and
trading

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 Hulks
• Decrepit (worn and broken down by hard use)
transports, former warships used to house
prisoners in the 18th and 19th century.
• Abandoned warships converted into prisons,
also called “floating hells”.

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 Retribution/Expiation
• The penalty is commensurate with the gravity
of the offense.

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 Correction/Reformation
• As by the rules which regulates the execution
of the penalties consisting of deprivation of
liberty.

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 Special Defense
• As shown by its inflexible severity to recidivist
and habitual delinquents.

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 Hedonism
• An ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of
pleasure as the highest good

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 Parole
• Privilege similar to parole:
– Alexander Maconochie’s Mark System where
prisoner can earn ticket of leave or conditional
release
• Advocates of parole & similar privileges
– Positivist Criminologists
• When & where started
– In 1876 at Elmira Reformatory
 Parole
• Agencies in Phils taking charge of parole:
– Board of Pardons & Parole Under DOJ
– Parole & Probation Administration
• Board of Pardons & Parole
– Established in 1933 in compliance with Act
No. 4103, Indeterminate Sentence Law
(ISLaw)
 Parole
– ISLAW
• Creation of Board of Indeterminate Sentence;
• Later renamed as Board of Pardons in 1937 by
Executive order No. 83, series 1937;
–Board becomes adviser of President on
matters of executive clemency;
–Renamed Board of Pardons & Parole on
October 4, 1947 by Executive order No. 94,
Reorganization Law of 1947
 Parole
– ISLAW
• Act No. 4103 was amended by R.A. 4203
on June 19, 1965. It provided:
–Qualification
–Term of office,
–Composition
–Compensation of members of Board

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 Probation
• Advocates of probation & similar privileges
– Positivist Criminologists
• Father of Probation:
– John Augustus – a Boston shoemaker; interceded with
courts to suspend sentence & bail out youthful offenders
& alcoholics
• Other personalities in probation:
– Father Cook – a Bostonian; followed the steps of Augustus
– Edward N. Savage – the first government probation
officer; former Chief of Police of Boston
– Teodulo C. Natividad – Father of Probation in the
Philippines
 Probation
• Year when Probation Law was first passed in
Massachusetts: 1878
• Agency in Phils taking charge of probation:
– Parole & Probation Administration under DOJ
• Probation System
– Dr. Torsten Eriksson, UN Interregional Adviser on
Social Defense recommended in 1971: (1)
strengthening of CJS, & (2) adoption of probation
system
 Probation
• Probation System
– Probation for Adult offenders: P.D. 968:
• Can be availed of only once
• For first time offenders
• For penalties of imprisonment not more than 6 yrs
• Except: rebellion, subversion, sedition & other political
crimes;
• A privilege, not a right;
• Offender must apply for it before court that convicted
him/her; and
• Depends on discretion of judge to grant
 Probation
• Probation System
– First implemented during Commonwealth period
thru Act No. 4221, Probation Act:
• For 1st time offender 18 yrs old & above;
• Abolished after 2 yrs being unconstitutional as
a class legislation; and
• Unconstitutional provision: operable only in
cities & municipalities which are given
appropriation for said purpose by congress
 Probation
• Parole & Probation Administration (PPA):
– Exercises general supervision of all parolees
& probationers
– Promotes correction & rehab of offenders
outside prison institutions

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 Regional Rehabilitation
Centers for Youth
• National Training School for Boys – a.k.a.
Philippine Training School for Boys; located at
Sampaloc, Tanay Rizal
• National Training School for Girls – a.k.a.
Philippine Training School for Girls; located at
Marillac Hills, Alabang
• RRCY in Barangay Ugong, Bauang, La Union
• RRCY in Barangay Ayala, Magalang Pampanga
 Regional Rehabilitation
Centers for Youth
• RRCY in Nueva Valencia in the Island Province
of Guimaras
• RRCY in Barangay Candabong, Argao, Cebu
• RRCY in Barangay Sto. Niño, Leyte
• RRCY in Barangay Anastacio Polanco, Dipolog,
Zamboanga del Norte
• RRCY in Gingoog City
• RRCY in Barangay Bago Oshiro, Davao City
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San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
• Established in 1869
• Constructed near southern tip of Zamboanga
peninsula nearby Zamboanga City
• Originally intended for confinement of convicted
Moro “insurrectos”.
• Banishment site for political non-conformists
from Luzon & Visayas
• Named in memory of its founder, Ramon Blanco,
a Spanish captain in the Royal Army
• Land area: 1,524.6 hectares
San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
• Products: Copra, one of the biggest sources of
income of the Bureau of Prisons, rice, corn,
coffee, cattle, & livestock
• Houses: maximum, medium & minimum security
prisoners
• Accepts convicts who were directly committed by
courts in the area but are later sent to the
Reception and Diagnostic Center in the Central
Office in Camp Sampaguita in Muntinlupa City for
study and diagnosis.
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 Iwahig Penal Farm
• Established in 1904 in Iwahig, Palawan on orders
of governor Forbes, then Secretary of Commerce
& Police;
• Establishment was suggested by Governor Luke E.
Wright designed for incorrigible offenders;
• From incorrigible offenders to well-behaved &
pliable convicts to convert 38,611 hectares of
lands into production areas for: (1) revenue, & (2)
rehabilitation of prisoners;
 Iwahig Penal Farm
• One of the most open penal institutions in the
world;
• Prison without Walls;
• Divided into 4 sub-colonies where each is
autonomous under a penal supervisor: Sta Lucia,
Inagawan, Montible, & Central
• Tagumpay Settlement – 1,000-hectare land given
to released prisoners. Each released prisoner is
given 6-hectare farm lots as homestead;
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Correctional Institution for Women
• Established under Republic Act 3579 on
November 27, 1929;
• 18-hectare land in Mandaluyong City;
• Run by female personnel except perimeter
guard;
• Houses special accommodations for pregnant
inmates; and
• Infant may be allowed to stay with mother for
not more than 1 yr
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 New Bilibid Prison
• Established in 1941 in Muntinlupa City at the
boundary of Laguna province;
• Proclamation No. 414 in 1931, an enabling
order to Commonwealth Act No. 3732; also
the official basis for Davao Penal Colony
• Designed to confine only 3,000 prisoners;
• 552 hectares;
• Supposed to be site for city of Manila’s Boys
Training School;
 New Bilibid Prison
• Actual transfer was in 1941;
• Main NBP compound houses: (1) maximum
security prisoners, including death convicts
death convicts; (2) central officers of Bureau
of corrections;
• One of the biggest prisons in the world in
terms of prison population;
• Became the National Penitentiary;
 New Bilibid Prison
• Facility for workers: hardwood shop of Prison
Industries Office – pinpointed as source of deadly
weapons used by rioting prisoners;
• 3 Satellite Prisons (outside the compound & within
reservation) –
– Camp Bukang Liwayway – minimum security camp; name
implying coming release of prisoners
– Camp Sampaguita – medium security prisoners and Youth
Rehabilitation Center
– Reception & Diagnostic Center – receives newly
committed prisoners from jails nationwide except those
committed by courts within Zamboanga provinces: Basilan,
Sulu & Tawi-Tawi

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 Davao Penal Colony
• Established in January 21, 1932 by virtue of
Republic Act No. 3732 & Proclamation No. 414,
series of 1931, same authority creating NBP;
• Gen Paulino Santos (ret.), Prisons Director at that
time, led first contingent of prisoners in colony;
• 18,000 hectares;
• World War II: used by Japanese for POW;
• Destroyed by Japanese;
 Davao Penal Colony
• Reestablished in 1946;
• Houses: (1) medium & (2) minimum security
prisoners;
• Prisoners work in open fields by colony custodial
force;
• The largest source of revenue for Bureau of
Prisons;
• Products: abaca, banana, rice, kenaf, copra, cattle
& other farm products;
• Biggest abaca plantation in the country;
 Davao Penal Colony
• Major banana producer with venture
agreement with Tagum Development
Company in a 3,000-hectare banana
plantation;
• Sub-colonies:
– Panabo Sub-Colony – under penal supervisor
– Kapalong Sub-Colony – under penal supervisor
• Tanglaw Settlement – for homesteaders.

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 Sablayan Penal Colony & Farm
• Established by Proclamation No. 72 on
September 27, 1954;
• Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro;
• 16,408.5 hectares;
• Purpose of establishment: to meet increasing
population of prisoners;
• First prisoners were from Iwahig Penal Colony;
and
• Main product: rice for inmate of colony and for
NBP

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 Leyte Regional Prison
• Located in Abuyog, Leyte
• Established in January 16, 1973 on orders
issued under Martial Law by President
Ferdinand E. Marcos

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 Old Bilibid Prison
• First penal institution in the Philippines.
• Constructed sometime 1847 in Bilibid district
of City of Manila.
• Located at back of what is today, Central
Market along Quezon Boulevard.
• Designated as an insular penitentiary by Royal
Decree in 1865.
 Old Bilibid Prison
• Cells: Radial shape like spokes of wheel,
Commanding tower at center of spokes, &
Brigadas
• Brigadas: bldgs made of very strong adobe
stones; term is still being used today; withstood
even bombings by Americans and Japanese; &
being used as jail by City of Manila: Manila City
Jail
• Transferred to Muntinlupa City to be known as
New Bilibid Prison; reasons for transfer: (1)
commercial developments of the area, & (2)
increase in prison population

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 Reception & Diagnostic Center
• Established in 1953 by virtue of Administrative
Order No. 11 by Secretary of Justice; &
• Purpose: to enable BuCor conduct effective
rehab of prisoners thru scientific & diagnoses
of each prisoner

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 Manila Office
• Originally as a holding facility for prisoners
working as orderlies in different offices of DOJ
at Padre Faura, Manila;
• Converted to regular penal institution
following riots in NBP in 1958; &
• Relocated site of hardwood shop

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 Provincial Jail System
• Established in 1910 under American regime; &
• Every province is mandated to establish
provincial jails under its own supervision &
control

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 Board of Pardons & Parole
• Recommends the President who are qualified
for:
Parole
Pardon
Other forms of executive clemency

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Parole & Probation Administration
• Exercises general supervision of all parolees &
probationers
• Promotes correction & rehab of offenders
outside prison institutions

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 National Prisoners
• One whose maximum sentence is more than 3
yrs or a fine of more than 5,000 pesos,
• One sentence for violation of custom law or
other laws under Bureau of Customs,
• One violating immigration & election laws
• One sentenced to serve 2 or more sentences
total exceeding 3 yrs

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 Provincial Prisoners
• 6 mos & 1 day up to 3 yrs & sent to serve in
provincial jails.

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 Municipal Prisoners
• up to 6 mos & sent to municipal jail where
offender is convicted.

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 City Prisoners
• convicted in city courts & sentenced to maximum of
3 yrs & sent to serve in city jails; and
• combination of municipal & provincial jails
NOTE: There is no mistaking with other prisoners
because this prisoner is CONVICTED BY CITY COURT.

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 Good Conduct Time Allowance
• A prisoner has the right to deducted GCTA
from sentence as long as there are no
infractions warranting non-deduction under
the law
• Granted by Director of Corrections
• Granted under Art. 97, RPC
 Good Conduct Time Allowance
• GCTA also available to detainee who agreed to
abide with regimen similar to sentenced
prisoners
• GCTA not available to inmate whose sentence
is life imprisonment and on appeal
 Good Conduct Time Allowance
• 1st 2 yrs – 5 days for each month of good
behavior
• 3rd – 5th yrs – 8 days for each month of good
behavior
• 6th – 10 yrs – 10 days for each month of good
behavior
• 11th yr & onwards – 15 days for each month
of good behavior
Special Time Allowance for Loyalty
• Under Art. 98 & 158 of RPC
• Given to inmate who surrendered to
authorities within 48 hrs after passing of
calamity: (1) conflagration, (2) earthquake, (3)
explosion, (4) similar catastrophes, (5) mutiny
not participated by inmates
• Deduction of 1/5 of sentence

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 Industrial Good Time Law
• Additional 5 days GCTA for each calendar
month BESIDE regular 5 days GCTA
• Reduction to 30 yrs from life imprisonment
• Bring family or woman to marry with him: (1)
reimbursement of transportation expenses in
going to & fro facility, given upon release; (2)
availment of family for free on prison facilities
 Industrial Good Time Law
• Clothing & household supplies as special
reward
• To wear civilian clothes on special occasions

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 Explanations
• Not focused on vengeance & punishment
• Heals both community & individuals
• Notion of reparation, not punishment
• Role of Participants in Restorative Justice:
– Offender:
• Apology – acknowledgement of
responsibility
• Reintegration – earning place back in
community
 Explanations
• Role of Participants in Restorative Justice:
– Victim:
• Harm – assessing harm done
• Forgiveness – accepting apology &
extending forgiveness
– Community:
• Relationships – healing broken
relationships
 Explanations
• 4 Characteristics of Restorative Program:
– Encounter: meeting to discuss
– Amends: offender taking steps to repair
harm
– Reintegration: restoring victims & offenders
contributing to society
– Inclusion: participation of parties to
resolution
 Explanations
• Fundamental Principles:
– Working for restoration of victims,
communities & even offenders (VCO)
– VCO must fully participate
– Community’s role must be given
significance