INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA , BHOPAL

SUBMITTED BY : DIVYESH VERMA

ROLL NO : 0133EX151020 SIRT, BHOPAL
CONTENTS :-
• 1. Introduction of Doordarshan.
• 2. Studio
• 3.FUNDAMENTALS OF MONOCHROME AND COLOUR TV SYSTEM
• 4.Television Lighting
• 5.Earth Station
• 7.Transmitter
• 8.Digital Terrestrial Transmission
• 9.Summary
INTRODUCTION :-

• Doordarshan (abbreviated in English as DD) is an autonomous public service

broadcaster founded by the Government of India, which is owned by
the Broadcasting Ministry of India. It is one of India's largest broadcasting
organisations in terms of studio and transmitter infrastructure, having been
established on 15 September 1959. Now it’s broadcasts on digital terrestrial
transmitters. DD provides television, radio, online and mobile services
throughout metropolitan and regional India
• Doordarshan Madhya Pradesh often abbreviated as DD Madhya
Pradesh (Hindi: दूरदर्श न मध्यप्रदे र्) is a 24-hour regional satellite TV channel primarily
telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Bhopal (DDK Bhopal) and is a part of the state-
owned Doordarshan TV Network.

• The studio of Doordarshan Kendra Bhopal was commissioned on 20th October 1992.

• The Kendra has produced special programme on specific themes like socio cultural
heritage, environmental awareness, family welfare, health care, etc.
• There are two Studios – A and Continuity Booth (Studio-B). two Transmitters (DD-I & DD-
News) of 10 KW each, one Earth Station Uplinking the Regional Service of M.P., one OB
Van for outdoor live coverage’s and one DSNG Van for Mobile unlinking.

• Digital Satellite Outside BroadCasting(OB VAN)

• News Gathering System
DIVISION OF DOORDARSHAN :-

• 1.Studio

• 2. Transmitter

• 3. Earth Station
STUDIO :-
• Doordarshan have their own shooting studio and studio hall is used to shoot
various programmes.
• Studio hall contains many devices for shooting like Lighting, Microphones,
Make up room, Furniture, Cameras and Sound Absorbers.
• DD Bhopal produce their own programme like “Krishi Darshan”, “DD show
Health Line”, etc.
TYPE OF STUDIO :-

• 1.Studio A :- Studio-A having an area of 374 sq.m initially equipped with 4

nos. of A Philips Digital LDK 20 and LDK 100 (two each) CCD cameras and
modern lighting equipments with dimmer controls . There are also 18 nos. of
telescopic light fitting arrangements in the Studio floor. This studio is mainly
used for programme recordings. Presently 31 nos. of cool lights are in use.
STUDIO A
• 2. Studio B :- Studio-B (Continuity booth) having an area of 50 sq . m was
initially equipped with three KCA-110 tube cameras and now replaced with
two CCD cameras (SONY DXC-50-1 No. KYD-29JVC-1 no) & modern lighting
equipments with 7 nos. of cool lights mounted on fixed grid . This Studio is
used for transmission of Regional Service including Regional News.
Studio B
PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM (PCR-A) :-

• PCR is equipped with 16 input versatile vision mixer of PDS 9000 Digital
Switcher with various special effects and 16 channel sound craft audio mixer
with the facility of individual channel equalization, limiting and Phone-in
console. One reverberation unit & one Advance Feedback Suppressor (dBX)
for producing special audio effect is available in PCR. In addition to the
above, one Computerized MOVE-CG for supering titles and other special
effects is also installed in PCR .
PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM (PCR-B) :-

• PCR-B is equipped with 16 input versatile vision mixer of PDS 9000 Pinnacle
make with various special effects. 16 channel Sound Craft make audio mixer
with facility of individual channel equalization and limiting. In addition to the
above, one computerized MOVE CG for supering titles, Phone-in-Console,
Advance feedback Suppressor.
PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM
VISION MIXER :-

• Vision mixer is the almost final equipment in programme (video) production

and its output is used either for recording or transmission.
• Vision mixing is the process of providing a composite signal from various input
sources. It has many input sources such as cameras, VCR/server, Graphics,
IRDs. Out of these i/p, any source can be taken on o/p. It is used to switch or
cut between 2 video sources, or to combine them in a variety of ways.
VISION MIXER
CAMERA CONTROL UNIT (CCU) :-
• In this section, the studio levels are adjusted and controlled for proper
matching in order to achieve excellent quality recording, now integrated in
PCR console itself.
MASTER SWITCHING ROOM (MSR) :-

• This section is equipped with a 16X16 Digital Routing Switcher where all the signals
from Studio-A, Studio-B, Transmitter, Earth Station, OB Van signal, DSNG etc are
routed to various areas as per requirements for recording/transmission. One OFC link
between MSR and Earth Station has also been installed.
• MSR is use for receiving and transmission of various audio/video signals from
different places.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MONOCHROME AND
COLOUR TV SYSTEM :-
• Picture Formation :-
A picture can be considered to contain a number of small elementary areas of
light or shade which are called PICTURE ELEMENTS.
The elements thus contain the visual image of the scene. In the case of a TV camera the
scene is focused on the photosensitive surface of pick up device and a optical image is
formed. The photoelectric properties of the pickup device convert the optical image to
a electric charge image depending on the light and shade of the scene (picture
elements). Now it is necessary to pick up this information and transmit it. For this
purpose scanning is employed. Electron beam scans the charge image and produces
optical image. The electron beam scans the image line by line and field by field to
provide signal variations in a successive order.
• The scanning is both in horizontal and vertical direction simultaneously. The
horizontal scanning frequency is 15,625 Hertz. The vertical scanning
frequency is 50 Hz. The frame is divided in two fields. Odd lines are scanned
first and then the even lines. The odd and even lines are interlaced. Since the
frame is divided into 2 fields. The field rate is 50 Hertz. The frame rate is 25
Hertz (Field rate is the same as power supply frequency).
COLOUR COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL (CCVS) :-
• What is video signal
• Video is nothing but a sequence of picture .The image we see is maintained in
our eye
• for a 1/16 sec so if we see image at the rate more then 16 picture per sec
our eyes can
• not recognize the difference and we see the continuous motion.
• In Tv cameras image is converted in electrical signal using photo sensitive
material.
• Whole image is divided into many micro particle known as Pixels.
• These pixels small enough so that our eyes cannot recognize pixel and we see
• continuous image ,thus at any instant there are almost an infinite no. of pixel
that needs to be converted in electrical signal simultaneously for transmitting
picture details.
• However this is not practicable because it is no feasible to provide a separate
path for each pixel in practice this problem is solved by scanning method in
which information is converted in one by one pixel line by line and frame by
frame .
• Colour Composite Video Signal is formed with Video, sync and blanking
signals. The level is standardized to 1.0 V peak to peak (0.7 volts of Video
and 0.3 volts of sync pulse).
THE COLOUR TELEVISION :-

• It is possible to obtain any desired colour by mixing three primary colours i.e.
Red, Blue and green

• Additive Colour Mixing :-

• The figure shows the effect of projecting red, green, blue beams of light so
that
• they overlap on screen. Y= 0.3 Red + 0.59 Green + 0.11 Blue.
TELEVISION LIGHTING :-

• A Doordarshan studio has three basic lights

• Key light – This is the principal light source of illumination. It is hard light
which provides shining on the front part of objects.
• Fill light – It controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows.
• Back light – It separate the objects from the background .
EARTH STATION :-
• Earth Station Bhopal equipped with two numbers of 3 KW HPA, was
commissioned on 19/11/1993. Latter on it is upgraded to 2+1 digital
simulcast facility having 2 amplifiers of 400 W. There is 7 meter solid
motorised PDA having linearly polarised feed with mannual tracking facility.
Initially DDK, Bhopal was uplinking the regional MP Service. From 25 June
2013, 24 x 7 Hrs.
• Transmission done in C(4.6 ghz) and Ku band(12-14 ghz).
• Earth station is the main part which communicates with satellite in which up
linking and downlinking of the signal into/ from the satellite takes place for
TV transmission. Earth station is a purely digitization version. The signal is
uplinked from the earth station and received by many downlink centers in
TV broadcasting. It is a very important part of satellite communication system
for broadcasting of signals.
EARTH STATION CLASSIFICATION :-

• 1. Analog Earth Station

•
• 2. Digital Earth Station
PROBLEMS OF ANALOG

• 1.One programme per channel/transponder

• ·2.Comparatively noisy
• 3.Ghosts in Terrestrial Transmission
• 4.Lower quality with respect to VCD, DVD digital medium
• 5.Service Occupy in 36 MHz
WHY DIGITAL?

• 1.More programmes per channel/Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient.

• 2.Noise-Free Reception.
• 3. Ghost elimination.
• 4.Reduced transmission power
• 5. Service Occupy in 9 MHz
TRANSMITTER :-
• TRANSMITTER-DD-I :
Bhopal was brought on map of Doordarshan with the
commissioning of a Low Power Transmitter for relay of National Programmes .
This was upgraded to a 10 KW High Power Transmitter operating in Channel-5
radiating DD-I programmes. It is a BEL Mark-II Transmitter working since 24th
October, 1984. This transmitter has further been replaced by NEC Transmitter
on dated 28/12/2003.
TRANSMITTER-DD-II (NEWS) :-

• Metro channel transmission was started on 30th July 1994 with commissioning
of Low Power Transmitter. This has been upgraded to a 10 KW High Power
Transmitter operating in CH #7 radiating DD-II Metro programmes. It is a
Thomcast Transmitter. It is a solid state transmitter with the latest state of the
art technology.
FUTURE OF DOORDARSHAN ….
DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TRANSMISSION :-

• Digital Television is the way of future, providing interference free reception

and remarkable picture & sound quality. DTT is highly spectrum efficient.
• DTT has been launched in certain countries viz. USA; UK & certain other
European countries; Australia; Japan; China.
• Doordarshan is giving terrestrial transmission of Analog Channels since 15th
September 1959. DD is migrating to digital terrestrial broadcasting as going
digital will provide multiple programme channels from one transmitter, better
video and audio quality, availability of signals on mobile and portable
devices like handsets/tablets/PCs etc.
SOME ADVANTAGES OF DTT TRANSMISSION :-

• DTT Transmission is free from "ghosting" ,which are commonly found in

analogue TV pictures.
• Digital TV supports Standard Digital TV (SDTV), High Definition TV (HDTV)
and Ultra High Definition TV (UHDTV) standards.
• The DTT signal can also be received on portable and mobile devices including
in moving vehicles.
• DTT provides an alternative all weather reliable distribution platform for
viewers.
SUMMARY OF DOORDARSHAN BHOPAL :-
• There are two separate transmitter for DD1 and DD2.
• Video Carrier Frequency for DD1 is 175.2396 MHz and Audio Carrier
Frequency is 180.7396 MHz
• Video Carrier Frequency for DD 2 is 189.25 MHz and Audio Carrier
Frequency is 194.75 MHz
• Uplink Frequency of Earth Station is 6314.5 MHz ( V )
• and Downlink Frequency is 4089 MHz ( H )
• Satellite using for Earth Station is GSAT-15(at 93.5 degree E)
THANK YOU