Professional Documents
Culture Documents
to
viruses
Lecture topics - 1
• What is a virus?
Definition
Structure and replication
• Human virus infections
• Treatment
Antivirals
Vaccines
Lecture topics – 2
• Immunity to viruses
Cell-mediated
Humoral
• Role of Complement
• Vaccination against viruses
Inactivated vaccines
Live vaccines
• Interferon
Definition of a Virus
Sub microscopic entity consisting
of a single nucleic acid surrounded
by a protein coat and capable of
replication only within the living
cells of bacteria, animals or
plants.
Definition of a Virus
Obligate
Intracellular
Parasite
Virion Structure
Lipid Envelope Nucleic Acid
Protein
Capsid
Virion
Associated
Spike
Polymerase
Projections
Virion Morphology
• Simple Structure
• Repetitive Structure
• High Level of
Redundancy
Virus Morphology
Helical Icosahedral
Virus Replication
1 Virus attachment
and entry
1 2 Uncoating of virion
3 Migration of
genome nucleic
5 acid to nucleus
4 Transcription
4 Genome replication
2 5
6 Translation of virus
3 mRNAs
7 Virion assembly
7 Release of new
8
virus particles
6
8
Cytopathic Effect (cpe)
Adenovirus Herpes virus
Transmission of Viruses
• Respiratory transmission
Influenza A virus
• Faecal-oral transmission
Enterovirus
• Blood-borne transmission
Hepatitis B virus
• Sexual Transmission
HIV
• Animal or insect vectors
Rabies virus
Virus Tissue Tropism
• Targeting of the virus to specific tissue
and cell types
• Receptor Recognition
CD4+ cells infected by HIV
CD155 acts as the receptor for
poliovirus
In vivo Disease Processes
• Cell destruction
• Virus-induced changes to gene
expression
• Immunopathogenic disease
Acute Virus Infection
Symptoms
Amount of virus
Virus Time
Acute Virus Infections
• Localised to specific site of
body
• Development of viraemia
with widespread infection of
tissues
Poliovirus
Poliovirus
Properties of the virus
• Enterovirus.
• Possesses a RNA
genome.
• Transmitted by the
faecal oral route.
• Cause of
gastrointestinal illness
and poliomyelitis.
Poliovirus Infection
Virus
Infection
Non-neuronal
tissues
Gut Viraemia
Neuronal
tissues
Virus excretion
in the faeces Paralysis
Incidence of Poliomyelitis
A B
40
Poliovirus vaccines
Number of cases (in thousands)
10
600
Rate per 100 000 population
500
Epidemic activity
400
Higher than expected Baseline activity
300 seasonal activity
200
Normal seasonal activity
100
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
Genetic Reassortment
Avian H3N8
Point mutation of HA and NA
genes
ANTIGENIC DRIFT
Viruses and Human Tumours
• Epstein Barr Virus
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
• Human papillomavirus
Benign warts
Cervical Carcinoma
• Human T-cell Leukaemia Virus (HTLV-1)
Leukaemia
• Hepatitis C virus
Liver carcinoma
Virus-induced tumours
Virus
Infection
[ ]
Uninfected Uncontrolled cell
Cell growth and tumour
? formation
Virus-induced transformation
Normal cells Transformed cells
Virus-Induced Tumours
• Virus infects cell.
• Virus nucleic acid, as DNA,
integrates into cellular genome.
• Virus causes changes in cellular gene
expression.
• Uncontrolled cell multiplication and
tumour formation.
Treatment and Prevention
of Virus Infections
• Antivirals