Chapter 8

Feedback

1
 Contents
1. Introduction 1) Types of Feedback
2) Why Negative Feedback?
3) General Negative Feedback Structure

2. Properties of Negative Feedback 1) Gain Desensitivity

2) Bandwidth Extension
3) Noise Reduction
4) Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion

3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 1) Introduction

Microelectronic Circuits Chapter 8. Feedback 2

1. Introduction 1.1 Types of Feedback

• The feedback is classified into two types:

Positive feedback (input and part of output is In-Phase) Ex: Oscillators
Negative feedback (input and part of output is Out-of-Phase) Ex:Amplifiers

Figure 1 Two types of feedback system.

Microelectronic Circuits Chapter 8. Feedback 3

1. Introduction 1.2 Why Negative Feedback?

• An ideal amplifier provides a stable output which is an amplified version of the input
signal.

• The gain and stability of this amplifier are not consistent due to changes in temperature ,
parameter variation and non-linearity in the device.

Negative feedback
• Return part of the output signal to the input signal
• Increase signal stability and reduce signal distortion

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1. Introduction 1.3 General Negative Feedback Structure

Open Loop Gain

Feedback factor

Figure 2 General negative feedback structure.

Negative feedback

The gain of feedback amplifier

Loop gain Amount of feedback

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1. Introduction 1.3 General Negative Feedback Structure

If the loop gain is large, , then

Advantage
• The overall gain will have very little dependence of the gain of basic amplifier which
contains non-linear component like transistor.
• Feedback circuit is usually a combination of resistor and capacitor (stable)

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.1 Gain Desensitivity

Assume that is constant. Taking differentials of both side of results in

(1)

Dividing Eq. (1) by yields

which says that the percentage change in (due to variations in some circuit parameter) is
smaller than the percentage change in A by the amount of feedback. For this reason the
amount
of feedback, is also known as the desensitivity factor.

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.2 Bandwidth Extension

Consider an amplifier whose high-frequency response is characterized by a single pole. Its

gain at mid and high frequencies can be expressed as

(2)

= midband gain. = upper 3-dB frequency.

Application of negative feedback, with a frequency-
independent factor , around this amplifier results
in a closed-loop gain given by
Figure 3 High-frequency response by a single pole

Substituting for from Eq. (2) results in

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.2 Bandwidth Extension

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.2 Bandwidth Extension

midband gain

• Upper 3-dB frequency is increased by amount of feedback.

• Midband gain is decreased by amount of feedback.
Maintaining the gain-bandwidth product at a constant value.

Figure 4 Effect of negative feedback in gain-bandwidth characteristics

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.3 Noise Reduction

Negative feedback can be employed to reduce the noise or interference in an amplifier or,
more precisely, to increase the ratio of signal to noise.

Figure 5 Amplifier with noise component.

signal-to-noise ratio for this amplifier is

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.3 Noise Reduction

Consider the next circuit in Fig 6

Figure 6 Application of negative feedback to improve S/N ratio in amplifiers.

The output voltage of the circuit can be found by superposition.

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.3 Noise Reduction

Block diagram

Figure 7 Equivalent diagram of Fig.6

1.Neglect (Source component)

2.Neglect (Noise component)

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.3 Noise Reduction

1.Neglect Source component

Figure 8 Neglect source component feedback system.

Figure 9 Equivalent model of Fig.8

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.3 Noise Reduction

2.Neglect Noise component

Figure 10 Neglect Noise component model.

Cascade

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.3 Noise Reduction

So the overall output of voltage is

Thus the SNR ratio at the output becomes

Which is times higher than in the original case.

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.3 Noise Reduction

Application of feedback is possible only if one can precede the noisy stage by a noise-free
stage.

Figure 11 Negative feedback system in non-precede stage.

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.4 Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion

Nonlinear transfer characteristic will result

in generating a large nonlinear distortion

Figure 12 The application of negative feedback to reduce the nonlinear

distortion in amplifiers.

The magnitude change in slope has been considerably reduced. The price paid is a reduction
in voltage gain.

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.4 Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion

Distortion Reduction

Gain decreases at high

Figure 13 Amplifier with distortion

The gain is only 13.5 instead of 15 and harmonic distortion is added at a multiple of original
frequency.

Figure 14 Output plot

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2. Properties of negative feedback 2.4 Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion

Use negative feedback to reduce distortion

Figure 15 Negative feedback to reduce distortion

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Voltage Amplifiers
Amplifiers can be classified into four types according to the desired value.
3.1.1 Voltage Amplifiers

Figure 16 voltage mixing voltage sampling (Series-Shunt) topology

Figure 17 Voltage amplifier

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Voltage Amplifiers
It is important to be able to qualitatively (and quickly) the
feedback polarity (positive or negative).
This can be done by “following the signal around the loop.”

Example 1

Figure 18 Voltage negative feedback 1

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Voltage Amplifiers
Example 2

Figure 19 Voltage negative feedback 2

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Voltage Amplifiers
Example 3

Open-Loop gain = A

Closed-Loop gain

Figure 20 Voltage negative feedback 3

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Current Amplifiers
3.1.2 Current Amplifiers

current mixing current sampling topology

Figure 21 current mixing current sampling (Shunt-Series) topology

Figure 22 Current amplifier

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Current Amplifiers
Example 1

Figure 23 Current feedback system 1

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Current Amplifiers
Example 2

Figure 24 Current feedback system 2

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Transconductance Amplifiers
3.1.3 Transconductance Amplifiers

Figure 25 voltage mixing current sampling (Series-Series) topology

Figure 26 Transconductance amplifier

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Transconductance Amplifiers
Example 1

Figure 27 Transconductance feedback system 1

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Transconductance Amplifiers
Example 2

Figure 28 Transconductance feedback system 2

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Transresistance Amplifiers
3.1.4 Transresistance Amplifiers

Figure 29 current mixing voltage sampling (Shunt-Shunt) topology

Figure 30 Transresistance amplifier

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Transresistance Amplifiers
Example 1

Figure 31 Transresistance feedback system 1

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3. Four Basic Feedback Topologies 3.1 Introduction – Transresistance Amplifiers
Example 2

Figure 32 Transresistance feedback system 2

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