INTRODUCTION

 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the most

widely cultivated food crop and is a member of family
solanaceae.

 Tomato has its origin in the South American Andes. The

cultivated tomato was brought to Europe by the Spanish in
the sixteenth century and later introduced from Europe to
southern and eastern Asia, Africa and the Middle East.
Nutrients in tomatoes
 Tomatoes contribute to a healthy and well balanced diet.
 Tomatoes are rich in
 Minerals (iron and phosphorus),
 Vitamins (B and C),
 Essential amino acids,
 Sugars and dietary fibers.
 Uses of tomato
 Tomato is extensively used in making a wide variety of
vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian dishes.

 It is also used as fresh salad and used in pizzas, sandwiches

and cocktails .
Other Health Benefits Of Tomatoes
 Controls Heart beat Rate
 Prevents Eye Diseases
 Regulates high Blood Pressure
 Good for Bones and Teeths
 Antioxidants
 Anti Cancerous
Present status of tomato
According to 2016 FAOSTAT
• China ranks No.1 for tomato annual production of
56.423 million tons
• India 2nd with 18.399 million tons
• USA 3rd with 13.038 million tons
• Whereas Pakistan ranks 35th with production of
0.575 million tons
 Diseases of tomato.
 Fungus (Early blight, late blight, Septoria leaf spot, verticillium wilt and Fusarium
wilt).
 Bacterial wilt and canker, tomato speck.
 Viruses (TMV,TSWV).
 Nematodes (Root Knot nematodes).
Bacterial leaf spot of tomato
Causal organism :
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria

 Bacterial leaf spot was first observed on tomato in South

Africa as early as 1914.

 Distribution : worldwide
 Pathogen Biology
 X. vesicatoria is an aerobic, Gram negative rod, motile with a
single polar flagellum.
 On Nutrient Agar, colonies are yellow, convex, smooth
glistening and round .
 A "mass" of bacteria can be observed oozing out from a lesion
by making a cross-sectional cut through a leaf lesion, placing
the tissue in a droplet of water on slide and examining it with a
microscope.
 HOSTS
 The principle hosts are
 Tomatoes and
 Capsicum.
Symptoms
 The bacterial leaf spot pathogen produces lesions on all
above ground parts of the plant - leaves, stems, flowers and
fruit.
 Initial leaf symptoms are small, circular-to-irregular, dark
lesions, which are surrounded by a yellow halo.
 The lesions tend to concentrate on the leaf edge and tip and
may increase in size to a diameter of 3-5 mm.
 Fruit spots first appear as small pale green raised areas
surrounded by water-soaked borders, which are eventually
become brownish, slightly larger in diameter raised and
scabby
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Organism survives on tomato volunteers plants and diseased
plant debris.
 Contaminated seed serves as inoculum source.
 Disease development favoured by high temperatures and high
precipitation
 Optimal temperature ranges from 24 to 30°C
 Bacterium disseminated by wind-blown rain, overhead
irrigation
 Bacterium penetrates through stomata and wounds.
 Symptom development is delayed when relative humidity
remains low for several days after infection
DISEASE CYCLE
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
 Crop rotation to avoid carry-over on volunteers and
crop residue.
 Production of disease-free transplants.
 Seed treatment should be used.
 Eliminate any volunteers plants
 Copper based bactericides are used in combination with
mancozeb provide control of many copper-tolerant strains.
 The plant inducer, Actigard, provides significant disease
control
 OBJECTIVES
1. Study disease incidence and biochemical characterization of
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria, the cause of bacterial leaf spot
of tomato.

2. Chemical control of bacterial spot of tomato under field condition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
survey and collection of diseased samples
 Samples collection and disease incidence were determined in
15 locations of lower Swat.
 3 fields per location were selected and random disease
incidence data was recorded from 4 sites per field, using the
following formula.
No. of Infected Plants
 Disease Incidence (%) = --------------------------------- x 100
Total Plants observed in a set
 Diseased samples (fruits) were collected and placed in plastic
bags, labelled and were brought to Plant Pathology Section of
Agriculture Research Station, Mingora-Swat and stored at low
temperature.
Isolation and Purification of bacterial culture
 Tomato fruit was surface sterilized with Sod.
Hypochlorite.
 Necrotic lesions were aseptically removed and crushed in
saline solution.
 The crushed suspension was then added to NA medium
using spread plate method and incubated at 27ᴼC for48
hr.
 To obtain pure culture, well isolated colony was picked
with loop and streaked on NA (Nutrient Agar) and
incubated for growth.
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIUM
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIUM
 Identification was performed by following methods
 Growth on Nutrient agar(NA)
 Gram staining reaction
 KOH Test
 Catalase Test
 Pathogenicity Test
 Chemical control of BS in Field
 The experiment was conducted at research farm of the
Agriculture Research Institute (ARI) Mingora Swat.
 Tomato hybrid 1359 (Syngenta) was used for this study arranged
in RCBD design with four replications
 Plot design was RCBD with four treatments and four
replications.
 Three chemicals were applied thrice with 7 days interval.
 Diseases assessment data was recorded as mean disease
incidence on treated plants.
 The data were analyzed using statistical software Statistix 8.1.
 Treatments
Active Conc./liter of
Treatment Chemical Source
ingredient water

Copper Jafar Brothers Pakistan Pvt

T1 Champion 2.00 gm
hydroxide Ltd.

Copper
T2 Kocide 2.00gm DuPont Pakistan . Pvt Ltd.
hydroxide

Arysta life science Pak. Pvt

T3 Kasumin Kasugamycin 6ml
Ltd.

Untreated
T4 - - -
Control
RESULTS
 LOCATIONS Mean disease incidence
Kota 19.7
Aboha 25.29
Guratai 28.05
Barikot 46.26
Ghalegay 4.6
Disease incidence of bacterial
Manyar 7.13
spot of tomato in lower Swat
Gimaan 19.25
Shingardar 34.14
Akhonkalay 19.48
Sharifabad 33.08
Takhtaband 6.1
Dadahara 40
Shamozai 10.75
Khazana 28.3
Parrai 39.4
 Disease Incidence in lower Swat
50
46.26
45
40 40 39.4

35 34.14
33.08
30 28.05 28.3
25.29
25
19.7 19.25 19.48
20
15
10.75
10
7.13 6.1
4.6
5
0
Isolation and purification of bacterium

Fig.1 Fig.2
 Identification of xanthomonas compestris pv. vesicatoria
through morphological and biochemical characterization
Growth on NA Gram KOH test Catalase test Pathogenicity
staining
+ - + + +

Yellow,shiny Attained red Production of Production of Black raised

and round color when viscous bubbles spots on fruit
colonies counter material
stained with (Thread)
safranin
KOH test catalase test Pathogenicity test
Effect of chemicals on Mean disease incidence of bacterial leaf
spots of tomato under field condition.
Conc./liter
Treatment Chemical Mean disease incidence
of water
12.4 C
T1 Champion 2.00 gm

14.2 B
T2 Kocide 2.00gm

8.1 D
T3 Kasumin 6ml

Untreated 40.7 A
T4 -
Control

LSD value for Treatments =1.6806

Mean incidence of Treatments
45
40
35
30
25
40.675
20
15
10 12.425 14.225
8.175
5
0
Champion Kocide Kasumin untreated control
CONCLUSIONS
 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION
 This study showed that highest disease incidence of BS of tomato was
recorded in Barikot whereas, the lowest Disease incidence was observed in
Ghalegay.
 The bacterium was successfully isolated from collected samples and identified
by morphological and biochemical Tests.
 In field experiment, Kasumin proved to be the best chemical to control the
disease in contrast to Kocide, which showed the least effectiveness against
bacterial spot of tomato.
 On the basis of these conclusions Kasumin @ 6ml/liter of water is
recommended for bacterial leaf spot disease in tomato.
 T1R1 T3R2 T1R3 T3R4

Field layout CHAMPION KASUMIN CHAMPION KASUMIN

T4R1 T1R2 T4R3 T2R4

Control CHAMPION Control KOCIDE

T2R1 T4R2 T2R3 T1R4

KOCIDE Control KOCIDE CHAMPION

T3R1 T2R2 T3R3 T4R4

KASUMIN KOCIDE KASUMIN Control