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Irrigation Channels: Module-II Part-II
Irrigation Channels: Module-II Part-II
Module- II
Part-II
Syllabus
• Irrigation channels
• Alignment- canal capacity- losses- FSL of canal-
design of canal in alluvial soil and non alluvial
soils- Kennedy’s silt theory-
Lacey’s regime theory- balancing depth- use of
Garrets diagrams and Lacey’s Regime diagrams-
lining of irrigation channels- design of lined
canal- drainage behind lining. Water logging:
Causes, Measures: surface and sub-surface
drains, land reclamation
Alluvial and Non-Alluvial Canal
• The soil which is formed by transportation and
deposition of silt through the agency of water, over a
course of time, is called the alluvial soil.
• The canals when excavated through such soils are called
alluvial canals. Canal irrigation (direct irrigation using a
weir or a barrage) is generally preferred in such areas, as
compared to the storage irrigation (i.e. by using a dam).
• Intensity of Irrigation
Ratio of cultivated land for a particular crop to
the total culturable command area
Intensity of irrigation, II =Land Cultivated
CCA
Definition of Important Terms
• Time Factor
The ratio of the number of days the canal has actually
been kept open to the number of days the canal was
designed to remain open during the base period is
known as time factor.
Definition of Important Terms
• Capacity Factor
Generally, a canal is designed for a maximum discharge
capacity. But, actually it is not required that the canal runs to
that maximum capacity all the time of the base period. So, the ratio of
the average discharge to the maximum discharge (designed
discharge) is known as capacity factor.
• The berm is provided in such a way that the bed line and the bank line
remain parallel. If s1: 1 is the slope in cutting and s2:1 in filling, then
the initial berm width =(s2 – s1) d1.
Purposes of Berms
• They help the channel to attain regime conditions.
• They give additional strength to the banks and
provide protection against erosion and breaches.
• They protect the banks from erosion due to wave
action.
• They provide a scope for future widening of the
canal.
Free Board
• The margin between FSL and bank level is known as
freeboard. The amount of freeboard depends upon the size
of the channel. The generally provided values of freeboard
are given in the table below:
Banks
• The primary purpose of banks in to retain water. This can be
used as means of communication and as inspection paths.
They should be wide enough, so that a minimum cover of
0.50 m is available above the saturation line.
Service Roads
• Service roads are provided on canals for inspection
purposes, and may simultaneously serve as the
means of communication in remote areas. They are
provided 0.4 m to 1.0 m above FSL, depending upon
the size of the channel.
Spoil Banks
• When the earthwork in excavation exceeds earthworks in
filling, even after providing maximum width of bank
embankments, the extra earth has to be disposed of
economically. To dispose of this earth by mechanical
transport, etc. may become very costly, and an economical
mode of its disposal may be found in the form of collecting
this soil on the edge of the bank embankment itself.
Borrow Pits
• When earthwork in filling exceeds the earthwork in
excavation, the earth has to be brought from somewhere. The
pits, which are dug for bringing earth, are known as Borrow
Pits.
Problem
• Calculate the balancing depth for a channel section having
a bed width equal to 18 m and side slopes of 1:1 in cutting
and 2:1 in filling. The bank embankments are kept
3.0 m higher than the ground level (berm level) and crest
width of banks is kept as 2.0 m
Problem
Problem
• Find the Balancing depth for a Canal Section having the
following data.
• Base width of canal= 10 m
• Side Slope in Cutting= 1:1
• Side slope in Banking= 2:1
• Top width of bank= 3 m
Solution
Area of Banking= 2 x 15 + 3 x 3= 54 sq..m ………..(1)
2
Let d be the balance depth of cutting.
Area of cutting= 10 + 10 + 2d x d = ( 10 + d) d …………(2)
2
Equating the area of banking and cutting,
(10 + d) x d=54
D2 + 10d – 54= 0
d= -10 ±√100 + 216 = -10 ± 17.8
2 2
d= -10 + 17.8 =3.89 m (Neglecting –ve sign)
2
Alignment of Canal
• Water-shed Canal (Ridge Canal)
• Contour Canal
• Side-slope Canal
Water-shed Canal (Ridge Canal)
Contour Canal
Side-Slope Canal
Distribution System for Canal
Irrigation
Canal Design Types
Design Parameters
• The design considerations naturally vary
according to the type of soil.
• Velocity of flow in the canal should be critical.
• Design of canals which are known as
‘Kennedy’s theory’ and ‘Lacey’s theory’ are
based on the characteristics of sediment load
(i.e. silt) in canal water.
Important Terms Related to Canal
Design
• Alluvial soil
• Non-alluvial soil
• Silt factor
• Co-efficient of Rugosity
• Mean velocity
• Critical velocity
• Critical velocity ratio (c.v.r), m
• Regime channel
• Hydraulic mean depth
• Full supply discharge
• Economical section
Alluvial Soil
• The soil which is formed by the continuous
deposition of silt is known as alluvial soil. The
river carries heavy charge of silt in rainy season.
When the river overflows its banks during
the flood, the silt particles get deposited on
the adjoining areas.
• This deposition of silt continues year after year.
This type of soil is found in deltaic region of a
river. This soil is permeable and soft and very
fertile. The river passing through this type of soil
has a tendency to change its course.
Alluvial Soil
Non-Alluvial Soil
• The soil which is formed by the disintegration of
rock formations is known as non-alluvial soil. It is
found in the mountainous region of a river. The soil
is hard and impermeable in nature. This is not
fertile. The river passing through this type of soil has
no tendency to change its course.
Silt Factor
• During the investigations works in various
canals in alluvial soil, Gerald Lacey established
the effect of silt on the determination of
discharge and the canal section. So, Lacey
introduced a factor which is known as ‘silt factor’.
• It depends on the mean particle size of silt. It is
denoted by ‘f’. The silt factor is determined by the
expression,
Silt Factor
Coefficient of Rugosity (n)
• The roughness of the canal bed affects the
velocity of flow. The roughness is caused due
to the ripples formed on the bed of the canal.
So, a coefficient was introduced by
R.G Kennedy for calculating the mean
velocity of flow. This coefficient is known as
coefficient of rugosity and it is denoted by ‘n’.
The value of ‘n’ depends on the type of bed
materials of the canal.
Coefficient of Rugosity (n)
Mean Velocity
• It is found by observations that the
velocity at a depth 0.6D represents the mean
velocity (V), where ‘D’ is the depth of water in
the canal or river.
•
Mean Velocity
Critical Velocity
• When the velocity of flow is such that there is no
silting or scouring action in the canal bed, then that
velocity is known as critical velocity. It is denoted
by ‘Vo’. The value of Vo was given by Kennedy
according to the following expression,
R=A/P
Where,
• A= Cross-sectional area
• P =Wetted perimeter
Full Supply Discharge
• The maximum capacity of the canal for which it is
designed, is known as full supply discharge. The
water level of the canal corresponding to the full
supply discharge is known as full supply level
(F.S.L).
Economical Section
• If a canal section is such that the earth obtained
from cutting (i.e. excavation) can be fully utilized in
forming the banks, then that section is known as
economical section. Again, the discharge will be
maximum with minimum cross-section area. Here, no
extra earth is required from borrow pit and no earth
is in excess to form the spoil bank. This
condition can only arise in case of partial cutting and
partial banking. Sometimes, this condition is
designated as balancing of cutting and banking.
Here, the depth of cutting is called balancing
depth.
Economical Section
Unlined Canal Design on Non-alluvial
Soil
• The non-alluvial soils are stable and nearly impervious. For
the design of canal in this type of soil, the coefficient of
rugosity plays an important role, but the other factor like silt
factor has no role. Here, the velocity of flow is considered
very close to critical velocity. So, the mean velocity given by
Chezy’s expression or Manning’s expression is considered
for the design of canal in this soil. The following formulae
are adopted for the design.
Unlined Canal Design on Non-alluvial Soil
Unlined Canal Design on Non-Alluvial Soil
Problem
Problem
Problem
Design a most economical trapezoidal section of a canal having
the following data:
Discharge of the canal = 20 cumec
Permissible mean velocity = 0.85 m/sec.
Bazin’s constant, K= 1.30
Side slope = 1.5:1
Find also the allowable bed slope of the canal
Solution
Let, B=Bed Width, D= Depth of water
Cross-Sectional area, A=B+ 3D xD
2
= (B + 1.5 D)D
Wetted Perimeter, Pw= B+ 2√D2 + (1.5D)2= B+3.6 D
Problem
Hydraulic mean depth, R=A=(B +1.5 D) D …..3
Pw B+3.6 D
Again, we know that for economical section
R= D/2 …...4
Therefore D/2 = (B + 1.5 D) D
B+ 3.6 D
Solving it we get B=0.6 D .…. 5
Again from Q= Ax V
A=Q = 20 = 23.53 m2 ..….6
V 0.85
23.53= (B- 1.5 D) D
Or 23.53 =( 0.6 D+ 1.5 D) D
putting the value of Bin above eqn we get
D= 3.35 m
Problem
From eqn (5)
B- 0.6 x 3.35 = 2.01 m
Therefore Pw = B+ 3.6 D = 2.01 + 3.6 x 3.35 =14.07 m
R= -23.53 = 1.67 m
14.07
By Bazin’s formula, C=43.5
From Chezy’s formula , V= C √ RS
0.85 = 43.5 √ 1.67 x S
Therefore S=1/ 4374 (say)
So, bed width B= 2.01 m, depth of water = 3.35 m
Problem
• Find the bed width and bed slope of a canal having the
following data:
• Discharge of the canal =40 cumec
• Permissible mean velocity = 0.95 m/sec.
• Coefficient of Rugosity, n = 0.0225
• Side slope = 1:1
• B/D ratio = 6.5
Problem
Solution
Let, B=bed width, D = depth of water Cross-sectional
Area, A= (B+ D) x D ……..1
Wetted Perimeter, Pw= B+2√ 2 D …….2
Now, A=Q = 40 =42.11 m 2
V 0.95
B/D= 6.5
B= 6.5 D …….3
42.11= (6.5 D +D)D
D= 2.37 m
B=6.5 x 2.37 = 15.40 m
Pw = 15.4 + 2 √ 2 x 2.37 = 22.10 m
Problem
Hydraulic mean depth= R=A= 42.11= 1.90 m
Pw 22.20
From Manning’s Formula
V= 1 x R2/3 S ½
N
0.95 = 1/ 0.0225 x (1.9) 2/3 x S½
0.95 = 44.44 x 1.534 x S ½
S= 0.000194
S= 1/ 5155 (say) (BedSlope)
Unlined Canal Design on Alluvial soil by
Kennedy’s Theory
• After long investigations, R.G Kennedy arrived at a theory which
states that, the silt carried by flowing water in a channel is
kept in suspension by the vertical component of eddy current
which is formed over the entire bed width of the channel and the
suspended silt rises up gently towards the surface.