ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN

BUILDINGS
Prepared by:
Ibe, Paula Joan D.
Mejia, Jasper B.
Manalang, John Michael G.
Del Rosario, Levi T.
Valdez, Jefferson
The History of Energy Management
Introduction
The management of energy and improving energy
efficiency has long been important for industry and
commerce. Boulton and Watt's early steam engines
produced competitive advantage because they were
more fuel efficient. In World War 2 fuel efficiency
became vital to the war effort and the National Industrial
Fuel Efficiency Service was set up to provide advice to
industry on energy saving measures as fuel shortages
continued in the post-war years. Energy management as
a separate discipline, however, began to evolve after
the first oil crisis of 1973 and really came into effect after
the second oil crisis of 1979 when real energy prices rose
dramatically.
Phase 1: "Save it" - 1973 - 1981
Phase 1, between 1973 and 1981, was characterised
by the "save it" mentality and a crisis response to
sudden increases in energy prices and problems with
energy supplies. Energy conservation was the usual
description of the activity. In this phase there was
generally a shallow approach with wide variation in
approach between practitioners and few common
techniques. Many companies appointed Energy
Managers who typically were engineers, often the
engineering manager taking on the energy role in
addition to their normal job. A few organisations
appointed accountants or purchasing staff as energy
managers but this was unusual.
Few organizations had any form of energy Monitoring
and Targeting and when they did there was no
commonality of approach. Most systems were manual
and did not take into account variances due to factors
such as weather, production output or product mix. Much
effort was put into exhorting staff to "switch off" through
the use of stickers over light switches and posters. The
effectiveness of this was probably limited.

1973 – 1981: Major energy events and headlines:

1973: OPEC quadruples price of oil
1979: Iranian revolution leads to second oil price
rise
Phase 2: "Manage it" - 1981-1993
This period saw the development of energy
management as a separate recognised discipline and
the rise of full time Energy Managers. The UK
Government also supported regional Energy Managers
groups which were an excellent way of spreading
information, sharing resources and improving standards.
The term energy management started to replace
energy conservation. Several models of effective
energy management (2) were developed and widely
implemented. A consensus on what energy
management was started to emerge.
1981 – 1993: Major energy events and headlines:
1981: first micro-CHP technology introduced
1984/85 : Coal miners strike
1986: Energy Efficiency Year led by Secretary of
State Peter Walker
1986: privatisation of British Gas
1990: privatisation of electricity supply industry,
competition for > 1 MW users
1992: competition for > 2,500 therm gas users
Phase 3: "Purchase it" - 1993 – 2000
In this period energy management as a discipline entered
a decline which came about as a result of two factors, the
reduction in real prices bought about by privatisation of the
utilities, and general corporate down sizing. As energy
prices declined in real terms, and opportunities for effective
purchasing strategies were opened up by market
liberalisation, most of the attention on energy shifted purely
to purchasing. Greater savings with less risk could be made
through more effective purchasing than through
implementing energy efficiency projects. Many energy
managers were made redundant or transferred into other
jobs and many large organisations which had been
pioneers of energy management started to lose ground.
1993 – 2000: Major energy events and
headlines:
1994: competition for < 100kW electricity
market
1998: domestic gas liberalisation and
competition for < 100 kW electricity market
Phase 4: "Respond to Climate Change Levy" - 2000 – 2010
In this period in the UK the effects of the Climate Change Levy and
the various Negotiated Agreements will start to be seen. CCL will
make energy a high level issue again as energy prices rise and many
companies make clear commitments to reduce consumption, and
face penalties for failure to do so. It is debatable how effective the
Agreements will be in creating additional savings relative to those
that would have occurred through normal technological change,
but at least explicit targets have been agreed and performance will
be measured against these. Government activity will shift towards site
specific advice and various "arms length" programmes run by the
Carbon Trust. Governments everywhere are likely to step up support
for renewables and energy efficiency as global warming becomes
more of an issue. Additional carbon or other environmental taxes are
likely to be introduced in many countries.
2000 – 2010: Major energy events and
headlines (actual and predicted):
2001: Climate Change Levy introduced
2001: NETA introduced
2005: commercial fuel cell CHP technology
introduced
2008: first fuel cell vehicles available
commercially
Phase 5: "Clean technology" - 2010 - 2020
As we look further ahead the vision of the future becomes less
clear but it is likely that advanced clean technologies such as fuel
cells will become widely available and adopted by main stream
users. Other technical innovations that will impact on energy
efficiency in this period will include High temperature
Superconductivity and smart materials. Real time management,
including real time pricing of energy and the creation of real time
markets for the provision of energy efficiency, as well as services
such as maintenance will also become widely adopted. These
systems will have considerable "intelligence" built in to allow
automatic decision making and optimisation in real time. Within
this time frame it is not impossible that some new energy source
(cold fusion or biologically generated solar energy conversion?)
will be commercialised although it is likely to take a decade or
more to gain a major market share.
Major energy events and headlines
2010: Markets for energy saving
("negaWatts") become operational
2015: High Temperature Superconducting
cables and wires become common
2020: Genetically engineered biological
solar energy sources become viable
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

• Energy used in building accounts for almost half of the

total amount of energy consumed today.

• Almost 85% of the energy used in the buildings is for low

temperature applications such as space and water heating.

• Appropriate building designs involving clean and efficient

technologies are already available and their use may help to
reduce future energy consumption as well as to provide a
better quality of life for netizens.
INDOOR COMFORT

• Thermal Comfort
• Visual Comfort
• Indoor Air Quality
Visual Comfort – Illuminance levels

LOCATION ILLUMINANCE LEVEL (lux)

Corridors/Toilets 100-150

Restaurant/Canteen 200

Library/Classroom 300

General Office 500

Workbench 500

Drawing Office 500-750

High Precision Tasks 1500

 Contrasting Areas Luminance Ratio

Background of visual tasks : environment 3:1

Background of tasks : peripheral field 10:1

Lightsource : adjoining field 20:1

Interior in general 40:1

CLIMATE
BUILDING – CLIMATE INTERACTION