Reduction in Energy Consumption 2021-22

CHAPTER 1
AICTE ACTIVITY POINT ON REDUCING ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
1.1: INTRODUCTION
Energy consumption refers to ALL the energy used to perform an action, manufacture
something or simply inhabit a building. It is essential to understand that energy
consumption does not necessarily come from a single energy source. Indeed, it is a
common misconception to think that to save energy you have to save electricity whereas
it could be a totally different energy source that has the greatest impact on a certain
process.
Looking closely at the definition of energy consumption, it means that the entire
production process must be evaluated. If you are part of a value-added process such as
industrial metallurgy (like TACSA, for instance) the process does not end when the final
product is manufactured. Indeed, if your shipping fleet brings them to the customer, the
fuel for this delivery fleet is also part of your energy consumption.

Fig 1.1: Energy Pyramid

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Here are a few examples:

• In a factory, total energy consumption can be measured by looking at how much energy
a production process consumes, for example, by making car parts. This will include
water, electricity, gas & any energy source needed to transform the raw material into the
final product

• In a household, energy consumption includes electricity, gas, water, and any other
energy used to live comfortably.

• The energy consumption of transportation includes how much diesel or gasoline

vehicles consume to run.
1.2: IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Energy consumption is of utmost importance for several reasons:
1. Economic Growth: Energy consumption is closely linked to economic growth and
development. Industries, businesses, and households rely on energy to power their
operations, run machinery, and meet daily needs. Adequate and efficient energy
consumption fosters economic productivity and creates job opportunities.

2. Standard of Living: Energy consumption directly affects the standard of living. It

enables access to modern amenities such as lighting, heating, cooling,
transportation, communication, and entertainment. Reliable and affordable energy
sources enhance comfort, convenience, and overall well-being.

3. Environmental Impact: Energy consumption has a significant impact on the

environment. Most conventional energy sources, such as fossil fuels, contribute to
air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change. Sustainable energy
consumption, including renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, can
help mitigate these environmental issues and reduce carbon footprints.

4. Energy Security: Countries' energy consumption affects their energy security.

Reliance on imported energy sources can make a nation vulnerable to geopolitical

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tensions, price fluctuations, and supply disruptions. Diversifying energy sources,

promoting domestic production, and improving energy efficiency contribute to
greater energy security.

5. Sustainable Development: Energy consumption plays a crucial role in achieving

sustainable development goals. Transitioning to cleaner and more sustainable
energy sources helps reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, preserves natural
resources, and promotes a greener and more resilient future. It also supports the
global efforts to combat climate change and achieve carbon neutrality.

6. Innovation and Technological Advancements: Energy consumption drives

innovation and technological advancements. Research and development in energy
efficiency, renewable energy technologies, and energy storage systems are
essential for optimizing energy consumption, reducing costs, and increasing
energy sustainability. Advancements in these areas can lead to breakthroughs in
various sectors and drive economic competitiveness.

7. Social Equity: Access to affordable and reliable energy is essential for social
equity. In many parts of the world, energy poverty is a significant challenge, with
millions of people lacking access to electricity and clean cooking facilities.
Ensuring universal access to energy can help bridge socio-economic gaps,
improve education and healthcare facilities, and enhance overall quality of life.

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CHAPTER 2
2.1 SURVEY OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT HOME
Energy consumption in homes refers to the amount of energy consumed by residential
buildings for various purposes, including heating, cooling, lighting, appliances, and
electronics. It is an essential aspect of energy use and has significant implications for both
the environment and household budgets. Here is an overview of energy consumption at
homes:

1. Heating and Cooling: Space heating and cooling typically account for the largest
portion of residential energy consumption. The energy sources used for heating and
cooling include natural gas, electricity, oil, and renewable energy systems such as solar
panels or geothermal heat pumps.

2. Lighting: Traditional incandescent bulbs have largely been replaced by more energy-
efficient options such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light-emitting diodes
(LEDs). These technologies consume significantly less energy and have a longer lifespan

• Power consumption*no of appliance*running

Per day power consumption:36*4*5=720 watts

3. Appliances and Electronics: Household appliances like refrigerators, washing

machines, dishwashers, and televisions contribute to energy consumption. The energy
efficiency of these devices has improved over time, thanks to stricter energy standards
and technological advancements.

• Power consumption*no of appliance*running hours.

Per day power consumption:135*1*2=270 watts

4. Standby Power: Many electronic devices consume energy even when they are not in
active use. This standby power, also known as phantom load, can account for a notable

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portion of residential energy consumption. Using power strips or unplugging devices

when not in use can help reduce standby power.

5. Insulation and Weatherization: Proper insulation of homes and weatherization

techniques, such as sealing air leaks and adding insulation, can significantly reduce
heating and cooling energy needs. Well-insulated homes require less energy to maintain
comfortable indoor temperatures.

6. Renewable Energy: Increasingly, homeowners are adopting renewable energy

technologies like solar panels to generate electricity. These systems can help offset a
portion of the energy consumed by the household, potentially reducing dependence on the
grid and lowering overall energy costs.

7. Behavioral Factors: Energy consumption at homes is also influenced by occupants'

behavior. Simple actions like turning off lights when leaving a room, adjusting thermostat
settings, and using energy-efficient practices can make a difference in reducing energy
consumption.

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CHAPTER 3
3.1 USAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy is a renewable and abundant source of power that is harnessed from the sun's
rays. It can be utilized in various ways to generate electricity, heat water, and provide
lighting. Here are some common uses of solar energy:
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Solar panels, made up of photovoltaic cells, convert
sunlight directly into electricity. This electricity can be used to power residential and
commercial buildings, as well as provide energy for various applications such as lighting,
appliances, and electronic devices.

Fig 3.1: Solar Cell Working

Solar Water Heating: Solar thermal systems use the sun's heat to warm water for domestic
or commercial use. These systems typically consist of solar collectors that absorb solar
radiation and transfer the heat to water, which can then be stored in tanks for later use.

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Fig 3.2: Solar Water Heating

Solar Heating and Cooling: Solar energy can be used for space heating and cooling
purposes. Solar heating systems employ solar thermal collectors to heat air or water,
which is then circulated to provide warmth in buildings. Solar cooling systems use solar
energy to power absorption chillers or desiccant cooling systems, reducing the need for
traditional air conditioning.
Solar-powered Vehicles: Solar energy can be utilized to power electric vehicles (EVs)
and hybrid vehicles. Some EVs have integrated solar panels on the roof or hood to charge
the vehicle's battery and extend its driving range.

Fig 3.3: Solar Powered Vehicles

Portable Solar Chargers: Portable solar chargers and power banks allow you to recharge
small electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, and cameras using solar energy.
These devices are particularly useful when you're outdoors or in areas without access to
electrical outlets.

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Solar-powered Lighting: Solar-powered outdoor lighting systems, such as streetlights and

garden lights, use solar panels to generate electricity during the day and store it in
batteries for nighttime illumination. This reduces reliance on grid electricity and enhances
energy efficiency.

Fig 3.4: Solar Powered Lights

Solar-powered Water Purification: Solar energy can be used to power water purification
systems in areas with limited access to clean water. Solar stills and solar-powered
desalination plants harness solar heat to evaporate water, leaving impurities behind and
producing potable water.
Off-grid Power Systems: Solar energy is commonly used in remote or off-grid locations
were connecting to the electrical grid is difficult or expensive. Off-grid solar power
systems, equipped with batteries for energy storage, can provide electricity for homes,
cabins, and telecommunications equipment.
Large-scale Solar Farms: Solar farms or solar power plants consist of multiple solar
panels arranged in arrays to generate large-scale electricity. These installations contribute
to grid power supply and are often integrated with energy storage systems for stable and
consistent energy production.
The usage of solar energy continues to expand and evolve as technology advances,
making it an increasingly accessible and viable alternative to conventional energy
sources.

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Adaptation Of Windmills
The adaptation of windmills, also known as wind turbines or wind generators, involves
harnessing the kinetic energy from the wind and converting it into usable electrical
power. Wind energy is a clean and renewable source of energy that has seen significant
growth and adoption in recent years. Here are some key aspects of the adaptation of
windmills:
Power Generation: Wind turbines are primarily used to generate electricity. As the wind
blows, it causes the turbine's rotor blades to rotate, which in turn drives a generator to
produce electrical energy. This electricity can be used to power homes, businesses, and
even entire communities.

Fig 3.5: Windmill

Onshore Wind Farms: Onshore wind farms consist of multiple wind turbines installed on
land, typically in open and windy areas. These wind farms can range in size from a few
turbines to hundreds of them, collectively generating a substantial amount of electricity.
Offshore Wind Farms: Offshore wind farms are located in bodies of water, usually in
coastal areas or offshore regions. They take advantage of strong and consistent wind
resources found at sea. Offshore wind turbines are typically larger and more powerful
than onshore ones, due to the availability of greater wind speeds.

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Distributed Wind Power: In addition to large-scale wind farms, there is a growing trend
towards distributed wind power. This involves the installation of smaller wind turbines
closer to the point of energy consumption, such as residential homes, farms, or small
businesses. These turbines can supplement or even entirely offset the electricity needs of
the property.
Renewable Energy Integration: Wind power plays a crucial role in the integration of
renewable energy into the electrical grid. Wind farms can be interconnected with the
existing power grid, allowing the generated electricity to be transmitted and distributed to
consumers. This helps reduce reliance on fossil fuel-based power plants and contributes
to a more sustainable energy mix.
Advancements in Technology: Continuous advancements in wind turbine technology
have led to increased efficiency and capacity. Modern wind turbines are designed to
capture more energy from the wind, and improvements in materials and manufacturing
processes have made them more reliable and cost-effective.

Fig 3.6: Electricity Generation due to Windmills

Environmental Benefits: Wind power is a clean energy source that produces no

greenhouse gas emissions during operation. It helps reduce carbon dioxide and other air
pollutants associated with conventional power generation, contributing to mitigating
climate change and improving air quality.

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Fig 3.7:
Reduction in Emission of Greenhouse Gases

The adaptation of windmills has led to substantial growth in renewable energy capacity
and has become an integral part of the global energy transition. It offers a sustainable and
environmentally friendly alternative to traditional energy sources, helping to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

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CHAPTER 4
4.1 Energy Consumption Reduction in Electric Vehicle
Reducing energy consumption in electric vehicles (EVs) is a crucial aspect of improving
their overall efficiency and increasing their range. Here are several key strategies for
achieving energy consumption reduction in EVs:
Vehicle Design and Weight Reduction: Lightweight materials, such as carbon fiber or
aluminium, can be used to construct the vehicle's body and chassis, reducing its overall
weight. A lighter vehicle requires less energy to accelerate and maintain speed.
Aerodynamic Efficiency: Streamlining the vehicle's shape reduces air resistance, known
as drag, at higher speeds. Improved aerodynamics can be achieved through design
modifications, such as smoother body contours, active grille shutters, and underbody
panels.
Efficient Tires: Low-rolling-resistance tires reduce friction between the tires and the road,
resulting in less energy loss. These tires are specifically designed to minimize resistance
while maintaining sufficient traction.
Regenerative Braking: EVs can recover energy during deceleration and braking through
regenerative braking systems. When the driver applies the brakes, the electric motor acts
as a generator, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy that can be stored in the
battery.
Efficient Powertrain: Optimizing the efficiency of the electric motor and drivetrain
components helps reduce energy losses during power transmission. Advances in motor
technology, such as the use of permanent magnet motors or silicon carbide power
electronics, can improve overall efficiency.
Battery Management Systems (BMS): Implementing advanced BMS technology ensures
optimal charging and discharging of the battery pack, avoiding overcharging, deep
discharging, or operating at extreme temperatures. This helps maintain the battery's
efficiency and prolong its lifespan.

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Fig 4.1: Reduction in Energy Consumption in Electric Vehicle

Intelligent Energy Management: Smart energy management systems can optimize power
distribution within the vehicle by controlling the operation of various components, such
as the heating and cooling systems, to minimize energy consumption.
Driving Behaviour and Eco-Driving: Promoting eco-friendly driving practices, such as
smoother acceleration and deceleration, consistent speed, and avoiding excessive idling,
can significantly reduce energy consumption.
Infrastructure Improvements: Expanding charging infrastructure and fast-charging
networks ensures that EV owners can access convenient charging options, minimizing the
need for long detours or inefficient charging practices.
Energy-efficient Accessories: Using energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems, LED lighting, and other accessories reduces the auxiliary
power draw from the battery, preserving energy for vehicle propulsion.
It's important to note that energy consumption reduction in EVs is a multidimensional
challenge that requires advancements in various areas, including technology,
infrastructure, and user behavior. Continuous research and development efforts are being
made to enhance EV efficiency and make them even more energy-efficient in the future.

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CHAPTER 5
5.1 Bio-diesel Usage in Vehicles
Biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel that can be used in vehicles as a substitute for
traditional diesel fuel. It is typically made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled
cooking grease through a process called transesterification. Biodiesel is compatible with
most diesel engines and can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum
diesel fuel.
Here are some key points about biodiesel usage in vehicles:
Compatibility: Biodiesel can be used in most diesel engines without the need for
modifications. It can be used in various types of vehicles, including cars, trucks, buses,
and even some off-road equipment.
Blending: Biodiesel is commonly blended with petroleum diesel fuel to create different
biodiesel blends. The most common blends are B20 (20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum
diesel) and B5 (5% biodiesel, 95% petroleum diesel). These blends are often available at
fuel stations.
Benefits: Biodiesel has several advantages over petroleum diesel. It is a renewable fuel
source that reduces dependence on fossil fuels. It has lower emissions of particulate
matter, carbon monoxide, and certain pollutants compared to conventional diesel,
resulting in improved air quality. Biodiesel also has a higher lubricity, which can help
extend the life of diesel engines.
Performance: Biodiesel has similar energy content to petroleum diesel, but it has a
slightly lower energy density. As a result, vehicles running on biodiesel may experience a
small decrease in fuel efficiency, typically in the range of 2-10%, depending on the blend
used.
Cold Weather Performance: Biodiesel has a higher cloud point (the temperature at which
it begins to solidify) compared to petroleum diesel. However, this issue can be addressed
by using additives or blending biodiesel with petroleum diesel in colder climates.

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Fig 5.1: Bio-diesel

Usage in Vehicle

Fuel Availability: The availability of biodiesel may vary depending on the region and
local fueling infrastructure. In some areas, biodiesel may be more readily available, while
in others, it may be limited to certain fueling stations or specific fleet applications.
Maintenance Considerations: Biodiesel has some solvent properties that can cause certain
rubber and elastomeric materials to degrade over time. This can lead to fuel system
components, such as seals and gaskets, needing replacement more frequently. However,
modern diesel engines and fuel systems are designed to be compatible with biodiesel.
Before using biodiesel, it's important to consult the vehicle manufacturer's
recommendations and warranty information. Additionally, proper storage and handling
practices should be followed to maintain fuel quality.

5.2 Green Campus

The concept of a green campus refers to creating environmentally sustainable and
ecologically conscious campuses that prioritize sustainability practices and reduce their
ecological footprint. Green campuses aim to integrate sustainable practices in various
aspects of campus operations, including buildings, energy use, transportation, waste
management, landscaping, and education. Here are some key components and practices
associated with the green campus concept:
Energy Efficiency: Green campuses prioritize energy efficiency measures to reduce
energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This can include installing energy-

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efficient lighting, appliances, and HVAC systems, as well as optimizing building designs
for natural lighting and ventilation.
Renewable Energy: Campuses can generate clean energy on-site through the installation
of renewable energy systems, such as solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal systems.
This reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes the use of renewable resources.
Sustainable Buildings: Green campuses focus on constructing or retrofitting buildings
with sustainable materials and designs. This includes using eco-friendly building
materials, incorporating energy-efficient features, implementing effective insulation, and
maximizing natural light and ventilation.

Fig 5.2: Green Campus

Water Conservation: Green campuses implement water conservation measures, such as

installing low-flow fixtures, harvesting rainwater for irrigation, and using native plantings
that require less water. Efficient water management systems and educational programs
can promote responsible water use among students and staff.

Waste Management: Implementing effective waste management practices is crucial for

green campuses. This includes recycling programs, composting, and reducing waste
generation through source reduction initiatives. Proper disposal and recycling facilities
should be readily available throughout the campus.
Sustainable Transportation: Green campuses encourage sustainable transportation
options, such as walking, biking, or using public transportation. They may provide bike-

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sharing programs, electric vehicle charging stations, and promote carpooling or

ridesharing initiatives to reduce reliance on single-occupancy vehicles.
Green Spaces and Landscaping: Creating green spaces and preserving natural habitats are
important aspects of green campuses. This includes using native and drought-tolerant
plants, implementing sustainable landscaping practices, and creating outdoor recreational
spaces for students and staff.
Environmental Education and Awareness: Green campuses aim to educate and engage the
campus community on sustainability issues. This can involve integrating sustainability
topics into the curriculum, organizing awareness campaigns, hosting workshops, and
encouraging research and innovation in sustainability-related fields.
Collaboration and Partnerships: Green campuses often collaborate with local
communities, organizations, and businesses to promote sustainability efforts. This can
include partnerships for renewable energy projects, waste management initiatives, and
community outreach programs.
Continuous Improvement: Green campuses strive for continuous improvement by
monitoring and evaluating their sustainability practices. Regular assessments, data
tracking, and feedback systems help identify areas for improvement and set new
sustainability goals.
By implementing these practices, green campuses not only reduce their environmental
impact but also create healthier and more vibrant learning environments that inspire
students and staff to become environmentally responsible citizens.

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CHAPTER 6
6.1 Innovative Layout Design of Buildings to Reduce Energy
Consumption
Reducing energy consumption in building design is a crucial aspect of sustainable
architecture. Innovative layout designs can significantly contribute to energy efficiency
by maximizing natural lighting, optimizing passive heating and cooling, and integrating
renewable energy sources. Here are some ideas for innovative layout designs to reduce
energy consumption in buildings:
Orientation and Site Planning:
- Optimize building orientation to maximize solar exposure and minimize heat gain
during summer months.
- Place buildings strategically to take advantage of natural features such as hills or trees
for shading and windbreaks.
- Consider the site's microclimate, prevailing winds, and solar path to inform the
placement of windows, courtyards, and outdoor spaces.
Daylighting:
- Design buildings with ample windows and skylights to maximize natural light
penetration.
- Utilize light shelves, reflective surfaces, and interior glass partitions to distribute
daylight deeper into the building.
- Incorporate automated lighting controls and sensors to adjust artificial lighting based on
available natural light.
Natural Ventilation:
- Promote natural airflow by designing buildings with operable windows, vents, or
atriums to facilitate cross-ventilation.
- Implement stack effect by including high ceilings or clerestory windows to allow warm
air to rise and escape, drawing in cooler air from lower levels.
- Use landscaping to create wind channels and funnel breezes toward the building.

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Fig 6.1: Energy Efficient Building Plan

Building Envelope:
- Optimize insulation levels, utilize high-performance windows, and minimize thermal
bridging to improve the building's thermal efficiency.
- Incorporate shading devices like overhangs, louvers, or exterior blinds to prevent
excessive heat gain while maintaining natural light.
- Consider using phase-change materials or cool roofs to reduce heat transfer through the
building envelope.
Green Roofs and Vertical Gardens:
- Integrate green roofs with vegetation to provide natural insulation, reduce stormwater
runoff, and mitigate urban heat island effect.
- Utilize vertical gardens on building facades to improve thermal insulation, air quality,
and aesthetics.

Renewable Energy Integration:

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- Incorporate on-site renewable energy generation systems such as solar panels, wind
turbines, or geothermal heat pumps.
- Design buildings with efficient roof space or facades to accommodate renewable energy
installations.
- Implement energy storage systems to store excess energy generated for later use.
Smart Building Technologies:
- Utilize advanced building automation systems to monitor and control energy usage,
including lighting, HVAC systems, and appliances.
- Implement occupancy sensors, smart thermostats, and timers to optimize energy
consumption based on occupancy patterns.
- Integrate smart grid technologies to enable demand response and efficient utilization of
energy resources.
Remember that implementing these innovative layout designs should be context-specific,
considering local climate, building regulations, and the specific needs of the building
occupants. Consulting with architects, engineers, and sustainability experts will help
ensure the best energy-efficient design outcomes.

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CHAPTER 7

7.1 Advanced and Innovative Technologies or Ideas for Power

Generation
Here are some advanced and innovative technologies and ideas for power generation:
Solar Power: While solar power is not a new concept, advancements in solar panel
efficiency and storage systems have made it more viable than ever. Innovations like
transparent solar panels, solar paint, and solar windows are expanding the possibilities for
solar energy generation.
Wind Power: Onshore and offshore wind farms have become more efficient and cost-
effective. Floating wind turbines, vertical-axis wind turbines, and airborne wind energy
systems are some of the innovative ideas being explored to harness wind power.
Geothermal Power: Geothermal energy utilizes heat from the Earth's core for power
generation. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) aim to create artificial reservoirs in hot
rock formations to harness geothermal energy in regions without natural geothermal
resources.

Fig 7.1: Geo Thermal Energy

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Ocean Energy: Technologies like tidal energy, wave energy converters, and ocean
thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems are being developed to harness the power of
the oceans. These technologies have the advantage of being predictable and renewable.

Fig 7.2: Ocean Energy

Hydrogen Power: Hydrogen is a versatile fuel that can be produced through electrolysis
of water using renewable energy sources. Hydrogen fuel cells can generate electricity
with zero emissions, making it a promising technology for clean power generation.

Fig 7.3: Hydrogen power

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Bioenergy: Advanced bioenergy technologies include biofuels, such as cellulosic ethanol,

and biomethane production from organic waste. Additionally, biomass gasification and
pyrolysis can convert organic matter into syngas or bio-oil, which can be used for
electricity generation.
Advanced Nuclear Power: Advanced nuclear reactors, such as small modular reactors
(SMRs) and thorium reactors, offer safer, more efficient, and potentially more sustainable
options for nuclear power generation. Fusion power, if successfully harnessed, could
revolutionize the energy landscape with virtually limitless clean energy.
Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Energy: These technologies generate electricity from
mechanical stress or friction. Piezoelectric materials can convert vibrations or pressure
into electrical energy, while triboelectric nanogenerators harvest energy from friction
between materials.

Fig 7.4: Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Energy

Space-based Solar Power: The concept of space-based solar power involves capturing
sunlight in space and transmitting it wirelessly to Earth using microwave or laser beams.
This technology has the potential to provide continuous solar power without atmospheric
interference.

Energy Harvesting: This encompasses various technologies that capture and convert
ambient energy sources, such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, and electromagnetic
radiation, into usable electricity. Examples include energy-harvesting fabrics, solar-
powered textiles, and vibration energy harvesters.

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These are just a few examples of advanced and innovative technologies and ideas for
power generation. Ongoing research and development in these areas, as well as emerging
technologies not mentioned here, continue to shape the future of clean and sustainable
energy generation.

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