Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Materials Science & Engineering

Course Title: ME 2159

Course No: Basic Mechanical Engineering
Assignment : Energy conservation and management system in Bangladesh

Name: Rahatun Nayeem

Student ID : 1813006
Date: 17.11.2020

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Contents
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................3
WHY TO CONSERVE ENERGY ?..................................................................................4
TIPS ON SAVING ENERGY.............................................................................................5
WHAT PROBLEMS WE FACES WHEN CONSERVE ?.................................................6
ENERGY CONSERVATION RULE..................................................................................7
PROSPECTS OF GOVT. STEPS IN BD............................................................................8
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................11
References..........................................................................................................................13

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INTRODUCTION
Energy conservation is the effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by
using less of an energy service. This can be achieved either by using energy more
efficiently (using less energy for a constant service) or by reducing the amount of service
used (for example, by driving less). Energy conservation is a part of the concept of Eco-
sufficiency. Energy conservation measures (ECMs) in buildings reduce the need for
energy services and can result in increased environmental quality, national security,
personal financial security and higher savings. It is at the top of the sustainable energy
hierarchy. It also lowers energy costs by preventing future resource depletion.Energy can
be conserved by reducing wastage and losses, improving efficiency through technological
upgrades and improved operation and maintenance. On a global level energy use can also
be reduced by the stabilization of population growth.Energy can only be transformed
from one form to other, such as heat energy to motive power in cars, or kinetic energy of
water flow to electricity in hydroelectric power plants. However machines are required to
transform energy from one form to other. The wear and friction of the components of
these machine while running cause losses of very high amounts of energy and very high
related costs. It is possible to minimize these losses by adopting green engineering
practices to improve life cycle of the components.
"Energy management" is a term that has a number of meanings, but we're mainly
concerned with the one that relates to saving energy in businesses, public-
sector/government organizations, and homes. Energy management is the key to saving
energy in your organization. Much of the importance of energy saving stems from the
global need to save energy - this global need affects energy prices, emissions targets, and
legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why you should save energy
at your organization specifically. [1] Bangladesh with its 152 million people in a land
mass of 147,570 sq km, has shown wonderful growth in recent years. A
successful economic growth, rapid urbanization and increased industrialization and
development have increased the country's demand for electricity. Presently, 62% of the
total population (including renewable energy) has access to electricity and per capita
generation is 321 kWH which is very low compared to other developing countries
[1]. The power and energy sector of Bangladesh may not be strong like other countries
but it has been more than enough to provide for the fellow residents and also for
exporting abroad. It has recently been seen that Bangladesh is facing various types of
problems and shortages in the power and energy sector. It has also been predicted that
sometime in the near future all the natural resource of the country might as well be
exhausted. This paper demonstrates how worth it has been to restructure the energy
sector in Bangladesh to improve the efficiency. So far now much of the debate about the
industry reform is being conducted exclusively in the economic area revolving around
one economic indicator – price. This paper puts together the various dimensions of

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electricity reform in the context of Bangladesh and provides a foundation for meaningful
analysis and a condense debate. While the discussion in this paper focuses mainly
on the Bangladeshi experience, the messages are relevant for other developing
countries engaged in electricity reform.

WHY TO CONSERVE ENERGY ?

Reduce Living Expenses : Saving energy usually reduces living expenses. When the
public consumes less fuel or electricity, decreasing demand causes prices to drop.
Additionally, most equipment lasts longer if people use it less frequently.
Benefits The Environment And Protects Wildlife : Less consumption benefits the
environment and protects wildlife. It decreases direct air pollution from machinery,
vehicles and power stations.
Less Power Plants : If the public conserves electricity, utilities will not have to build as
many power plants. These facilities are often unsightly, generate considerable amounts of
noise and create safety hazards for nearby residents. Even wind turbines produce noise
and kill birds that inadvertently fly into them.
Promote Health : By conserving fuel, people can protect the health of fellow humans as
well.Pollution causes or exacerbates a wide range of serious medical problems. This
results in unnecessary suffering and health care expenses.
Finite Resources : Some of the resources that people use to generate electricity are finite.
For example, the planet is not capable of creating additional coal or uranium supplies. By
conserving electric power, people can ensure that affordable energy is available for future
generations.
Reduce Dependence : Less consumption reduces dependence on complex technology,
transportation systems and trade agreements. If people conserve fuel, shortages are less
likely to happen when natural disasters, accidents or military conflicts occur.
Conservation makes it more feasible to rely on local and regional energy supplies.
Make A Positive Impact : It may seem that personal efforts toward conservation have
little impact, but they can accomplish more by setting a good example. People are more
likely to take steps to save fuel and electricity when they see their friends, neighbors or
parents do so.[2]

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TIPS ON SAVING ENERGY

 Adjust day-to-day behaviors : To reduce energy consumption in home, one does

not necessarily need to go out and purchase energy efficient products. Energy
conservation can be as simple as turning off lights or appliances when one does
not need them. One can also use energy-intensive appliances less by performing
household tasks manually.

 Replace light bulbs : Traditional incandescent light bulbs consume an excessive

amount of electricity and must be replaced more often than their energy efficient
alternatives.

 Install a programmable or smart thermostat : A programmable thermostat can be

set to automatically turn off or reduce heating and cooling during the times when
one is asleep or away. When one install a programmable thermostat, one can
eliminate wasteful energy use from heating and cooling without upgrading your
HVAC system.

 Reduce your water heating expenses : Other than purchasing an energy efficient
water heater, there are three methods of reducing water heating expenses: use less
hot water, turn down the thermostat on water heater, or insulate water heater and
the first six feet of hot and cold water pipes.

 Install energy efficient windows : Windows are significant source of energy

waste - they can add up to 10-25% of total heating bill. To prevent heat loss
through windows, one can replace single-pane windows with double-pane
products instead.

 Always switch off appliances when you’re not using them.

 Make sure that your house is properly insulated to keep heat loss to a bare
minimum.

 Efficient use of energy is achieved by running appliances to their maximum

capacity. Hence, stock the refrigerator with food, fill the dishwasher with plates,
and don’t run the washing machine unless it is completely filled with clothes.

 Air conditioning units should be set in shade so that they consume less power.

 Work manually wherever possible.

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  Limit your use of automobiles. Opt for public transport if possible.

 Decrease reliance on conventional resources, and explore the unconventional ones

like solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy, etc.

Problems of energy conservation can be solved only with collective efforts at domestic,
as well as industrial level. Hence, every person should consider it to be his/her own
responsibility for judicious use of energy, so as to save it for the future.[3]

WHAT PROBLEMS WE FACES WHEN CONSERVE ?

Problems : The uncontrolled and unreasonable use of energy resources in the past few
decades has led to the depletion of conventional type of resources. Although, measures
are taken at the government levels to control the energy consumption, these attempts only
meet with little success. Public awareness is the only way to successfully deal with this
problem.
Wastage of Energy : It is the biggest culprit of energy crisis. Unnecessary illumination,
running the appliances even when no one is using them, using two or more devices for
achieving the same purpose, etc., can all lead to wastage of valuable energy. Self
discipline is the only way to resolve this issue.

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Unmindful Use of Resources : This is different from wasting energy, as it yields the
same result. This includes choosing the wrong appliances that consume more electricity,
or buying luxury cars that are extremely inefficient regarding fuel consumption.
Choosing your options wisely can solve this problem. Public awareness can be generated,
in order to educate people regarding the intelligent usage of energy.
Energy Loss : None of the machines can give you 100% efficiency. There is always
some energy loss, which reduces the efficiency of the machines. Although, there is no
feasible solution to this problem, we can certainly minimize this loss so that we get
optimum efficiency.
Energy Conservation and Rebound Effect : The obvious advantage of energy
conservation is that, we can slow down the depletion of the energy resources so that we
have more of it left for future use. As mentioned above, efficient and wise use of energy
can alleviate the problem of its crisis. However, there is an argument against this usage,
which says that efficient use of energy will lead to fall in its demand, which in turn will
lead to decline in its cost of. Lower prices are likely to encourage the consumption of
energy, making the whole effort worthless. This is called the “rebound effect”, which
defeats the whole purpose of conservation. However, economists believe that the
magnitude of this effect is smaller, as compared to the total energy gain by implementing
energy efficiency schemes.[4]

ENERGY CONSERVATION RULE

The law of conservation of energy statas that energy can neither be

created nor destroyed, only converted from one form of energy to
another. This means that a system always has the same amount of
energy unless it’s added from the outside.
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2

K1 = initial kinetic energy

K2 = final kinetic energy

U1 = initial potential energy

U2 = final potential energy

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PROSPECTS OF GOVT. STEPS IN BD

Bangladesh faces and will face in near future a crisis in energy sector. In the villages’ fire
wood, straws are still the main source of energy. Throughout the country trees are being
fallen randomly by the thousands in order to burn bricks which may give rise to horrible
scene of deforestation and cause ecological imbalance in near future. With a view to
solving the problems partially, it is time to think of renewable sources of energy as a
supplement to the existing traditional resources.
Major sources of renewable energy in Bangladesh are as follows:

1. Solar : Bangladesh is a south Asian country located in between latitudes 20°34'

and 26°39' north and longitudes 80°00' and 90°41' east. Therefore, it is an ideal
location for solar energy utilization. Also, as it is a subtropical country, 70% of
the year sunlight is plentiful. This makes the use of solar panels very effective in
Bangladesh. Daily solar radiation is 4-6.5 kWh/m² and maximum radiation is
generally received in the months of March-April and minimum in December-
January. Hence, solar energy can be a viable solution for the power crisis in
Bangladesh. Also solar energy offers some key qualities like having no waste and
emission, resulting no adverse effects on the environment and ideally suited for
distributed resource applications. The government has recently taken many steps
to address this fact. Concurrently, some Non-government Organization (NGO) is
working to provide solar panels to consumers and the price of these panels, at
present, is very affordable .Figure 1 below shows the approximate distribution of
SHSs installation division wise and illuminates that the distribution of the SHSs is
highest in Dhaka district and lowest in Sylhet district . Figure 1 below shows the
approximate distribution of SHSs installation division wise and illuminates that
the distribution of the SHSs is highest in Dhaka district and lowest in Sylhet
district.

Figure 1

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2. Wind Power : Wind power is the conversion of wind energy by wind turbines
into a useful form, such as electrical or mechanical energy. The power is directly
proportional to the velocity of the wind. The lengthy period wind flux,
particularly in the islands and southern maritime facial of Bangladesh, announce
that the average wind speed remains between 3 and 4.5 m/s in the months of
March to September and 1.7 to 2.3 m/s for the residual period of the year . So, in
islands and coastal areas the appeal of wind mills for pumping and electrification
is very high. Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) has completed a
1000 kW capacity wind battery hybrid power project in Kutubdia islands. Under
this project, a total of 50 units of 20 kW capacity stand-alone type wind turbines
are being installed. The total power generated by all the wind turbines is stored in
a battery bank. Wind Battery Hybrid Power Plant (WBHPP) was officially started
on March 30th, 2008. The other project of BPDB has completed a 0.90 MW
capacity grid connected to wind energy at Muhuri Dam area in Feni district in
2004. The BPDB has allotted that wind energy can contribute up to 10% of the
energy generated. One major benefit of wind turbines is that they do not need any
fuel for electricity generation.

3. Biomass Energy : As an agricultural country, Bangladesh possesses the potential

for power generation from biomass sources. Cattle dung, agricultural relic,
poultry droppings, water hyacinth, rice husks etc. are available in Bangladesh for
biomass power generation. Common biomass resources are rice husk, crop
residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane biogases etc.
At present, countrywide there are 25,000 biogas plants and over 0.20 million
ameliorate ovens have been installed to save biomass fuel. More than 900
briquetting machines have been operating in the country on commercial basis.
The energy content of rice chaff is approximated to be about 16 MJ/kg. The
biomass plant has a heat rate of 13,648 btu/kWh.

4. Biogas Energy : Biogas is a mixture of gases which is produced by the biological

breakdown of organic matter and it occurs in the absence of Oxygen. Dead plant
and animal material are organic wastes. In addition, animal dung and kitchen
waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas.Therefore biogas is a
type of bio-fuel. The main elements of biogas are 40-70% methane (CH4), 30-
60% carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases 1-5%. It also contains several trace
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 gases. Figure 2 shows a biogas based electricity generation system consists of a
digester, a biogas collection tank, a generator as well as the piping and controls

Figure 2
required for successful operation.

5. Geothermal Energy : Geothermal energy is a very powerful and efficient way to

extract renewable energy from the earth through natural processes. This can be
performed on a small scale to provide heat for a residential unit or on a very large
scale for energy production through a geothermal power plant. It is cost effective,
reliable and environmentally friendly but it has previously been geographically
limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. With this technology, the steam
and hot water produced inside the earth’s surface can be used to generate
electricity. Bangladesh has various locations for harnessing geothermal resources.
Geothermal energy is generated about 4000 miles beneath the surface, in the
earth’s core. The process takes place due to the slow decay of radioactive particles
generating the, high temperatures needed to produce steam. About 10,716 MW of
geothermal energy is generated in total in 24 countries worldwide. The northern
districts of Bangladesh show the prospect of exploring geothermal resources. As
the demand for electricity in urban as well as in rural areas is increasing, but our
production of electricity is not. The rural demand for electricity can be covered by
the production of electricity through geothermal energy. A private company
Anglo MGH Energy has initiated a project to set up the country’s first 200 MW
electricity generation plant from geothermal sources close to Saland in
Thakurgaon district.

6. Hydro Power : Kinetic energy from streaming or perishable water is exploited in

hydropower plants. Hydropower plants are classified into two categories: Large
(>10 MW) and Small (< 10 MW). On average, 1.4 trillion cubic meters of water

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 flows in Bangladesh per year and the annual average rainfall is 2,300 mm, which
varies from 1,200 mm in the north-west to 5,800 mm in the northeast. Recently, a
230 MW hydro power generation plant was set up in Karnaphuli, Rangamati. It is
the only hydro station in Bangladesh and is operated by BPBD. Micro and mini
hydropower plants have limited potential in Bangladesh with the exception of
those in Chittagong and the Chittagong hill tracts region.

7. Ocean Wave Energy : Ocean wave energy is generated directly from waves in
oceans. It is another viable type of renewable energy which helps to decrease the
harmful emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the generation of power. It
has the potential of being a significant source of electricity in Bangladesh.
Though the main purpose of ocean wave energy plants is to generate electricity,
they can also be used for pumping water, water desalination etc. The oscillating
water column method is technically feasible and is becoming economically
attractive for this purpose in many countries.This type of wave energy harnessing
device is being commissioned by several countries such as the U.K (500 kW),
Ireland (3.5 MW), Norway (100 kW) and India (150 kW) etc. Bangladesh has the
potential for harnessing ocean wave energy from the Bay of Bengal.

8. Tidal Power : Tidal power is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of
tides into electrical power. As tides are more predictable than wind and sunlight,
tidal energy can easily be generated from the changing sea levels. Dams or
barrages with water turbines can be placed diagonally in a river’s mouth or inlets
to generate electricity from the motion of tides. The coast of Bangladesh has a
tidal rise and fall from 2 to 5 meters. Among these coastal areas, Sandwip, which
experiences 5-meter tidal waves, has the best prospect in generating tidal energy.
Moreover, according to existing literature, Bangladesh can generate tidal power
from these coastal tidal resources by applying low head tidal movements and
medium head tidal movements. Low head tidal movements use tides of height
from 2 m to 5 m in areas like Khulna, Barisal, Bagerhat, Satkhira and Cox’s Bazar
regions. In contrast, medium height tidal movements use more than 5 m high tides
which are available in Sandwip. So, geothermal can be a great source of energy
for electricity generation in Bangladesh.[5]

CONCLUSION

Improvement on energy efficiency in industrial sector is more significant during the

present energy scarcity that Bangladesh is facing. The goal can be achieved
by adopting the guidelines of energy policies and following the regulations. The
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strategies are simple and acceptable for any county. Such small efforts are certainly
needed for a county which results in reduction in supply-demand gap.

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References
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.energylens.com/articles/energy-management

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.energysage.com/energy-efficiency/101/ways-to-save-

energy/
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://helpsavenature.com/energy-conservation-problems
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.energylens.com/articles/energy-management
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.energylens.com/articles/energy-management
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ep.20180801.01.html

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