Heaven’s light is our guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Assignment No.: 01
Name of the assignment: Energy conservation and management system in Bangladesh.

Course No.: ME 2159

Course Title: Basic Mechanical Engineering

Name of the student: Asfia Mahbuba Bithi

Student ID: 1813031

Date of submission: 17/11/2020

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 Table of Contents

Introduction...............................................................................................................................................3
Energy Conservation Rule:.......................................................................................................................3
The importance of conserving energy......................................................................................................4
Habits of wasting energy...........................................................................................................................5
Tips on saving energy................................................................................................................................6
Strategies to save energy.......................................................................................................................8
Sustainability Goals...........................................................................................................................8
Ecological Goals.................................................................................................................................9
Installation of efficient power plants:...............................................................................................9
Efficient steam or hot water production........................................................................................10
Efficient central air-conditioning...................................................................................................10
Energy efficiency and master plan of Bangladesh................................................................................10
Energy Balance in Bangladesh...........................................................................................................10
Structure of EE&C (Energy Efficiency and conservation) Planning and Implementation...........11
Sector-wise Energy Consumption......................................................................................................12
Energy Supply......................................................................................................................................12
Long term energy consumption forecast............................................................................................13
Problems to conserve energy..................................................................................................................13
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................14
References:...............................................................................................................................................15

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Introduction: Energy is very important in the entire process of evolution, growth and survival
of the world. The increasing energy demand has an adverse effect on the environment and
also an increasing pressure for a government. For a developing country like Bangladesh, the
energy criterion decides the growth of the country. Energy demand in our country is increasing
exponentially. Energy conservation can be the best solution for the raising energy demand.
Energy conservation is the practice of reducing the consumption through using less energy
service. Basically, it is the decision and practice of using less energy. Turning off the light when
you leave the room, unplugging appliances when they're not in use and walking instead of
driving are all examples of energy conservation. Energy conservation is a part of the concept of
Eco-sufficiency. Energy conservation measures (ECMs) in buildings reduce the need for energy
services and also can be the result in increased environmental quality, national security, personal
financial security and higher savings. It always works at the top of the sustainable energy
hierarchy. It also lowers energy costs by preventing future resource depletion.
Energy can be conserved by reducing wastage and losses, improving efficiency through
technological upgrades and improved operation and maintenance. On a global level energy use
can also be reduced by the stabilization of population growth.

Energy management system (EMS) is a computer-aided tool used by power system operators to
monitor, control, and carry out optimal energy management. The purpose of an EMS is to
determine power generation or power demands that minimize a certain objective such as
generation cost, power loss, or environmental effect. This system is used for saving or reducing
the use of energy in businesses, public sector or government organizations and homes.
The energy management system determines the most cost-effective configuration of power
production, transmission, and distribution throughout the network, considering the required
criteria for system stability, safety, and reliability. An energy management system (EMS)
typically provides the fundamental information and computation capability to perform real-time
network analyses, to provide strategies for controlling system energy flows, and to determine the
most economical mix of power generation, power purchases, and sales.
[ CITATION Ahm141 \l 1033 ]

Energy Conservation Rule:

The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only
converted from one form of energy to another. This means that a system always has the same
amount of energy, unless it's added from the outside. This is particularly confusing in the case of
non-conservative forces, where energy is converted from mechanical energy into thermal energy,
but the overall energy does remain the same. The only way to use energy is to transform energy
from one form to another.

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The amount of energy in any system, then, is determined by the following equation:
1. The total internal energy of a system.
2. The initial internal energy of a system.
3. The work done by or on the system.
4. The heat added to, or removed from, the system.
It is also possible to determine the change in internal energy of the system using the equation:
This is also a statement of the first law of thermodynamics.
While these equations are extremely powerful, they can make it hard to see the power of the
statement. The takeaway message is that energy cannot be created from nothing. Society has to
get energy from somewhere, although there are many sneaky places to get it from (some sources
are primary fuels and some sources are primary energy flows).

Early in the 20th century, Einstein figured out that even mass is a form of energy (this is called
mass-energy equivalence). The amount of mass directly relates to the amount of energy, as
determined by the most famous formula in physics:
1. The amount of energy in an object or system.
2. The mass of the object or system.
3. The speed of light, roughly.
[ CITATION RKn12 \l 1033 ]

The importance of conserving energy:

With billions of harmful emissions in the atmosphere, cutting back is always a good thing. In
turn, conserving energy produces a higher quality of life. Reduced emissions result in cleaner air
quality. In addition, it helps create a healthier planet, or at least helps sustain the resources we
already have.
There are a number of reasons why you should consider cutting back on energy consumption.
Energy conservation plays a significant role of lessening climate change. It helps the replacement
of non-renewable resources with renewable energy. Energy conservation is often the most
inexpensive solution to energy shortages, and it is more environmentally kind alternative to
increased energy production.

Since, we have limited quantity of non-renewable energy resources available on earth, it is very
important to preserve energy from our current supply or to utilize renewable resources so that it
is also available to our future generations.

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Energy conservation plays a very important role because utilization of non-renewable resources
also impacts our environment. Specially, usage of fossil fuels supplies to air and water pollution
such as carbon dioxide is produced when oil, coal and gas combust in power stations, heating
systems, and engines of car.

As we all aware of that carbon dioxide works as a transparent layer in the atmosphere that is part
of the cause to the global warming of the earth, or we can also name it as greenhouse effect.
Global warming has its own consequences in our atmosphere. It has its deadly effects like
spreading of different diseases, warmer waters and more chances of hurricanes, financial costs,
polar ice melting, increased chances and intensity of heat waves. Ozone depletion is the
reduction of the protection layer of ozone in the uppermost atmosphere by chemical pollution.
Ozone layer is the protection line between earth and the ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun.
People who have more exposure to UV radiation can have some health problems like DNA
damage, skin cancer, aging and other problems related to skin.

There could be some possible issues that include a danger to human body health, impact on
environment like rising sea levels, and major changes in vegetation growth methods. When coal
is burned, it emits sulphur dioxide into the air and therefore, it reacts with water and oxygen in
the clouds and forms acid rain. Acid rain kills fish and trees and also damage limestone buildings
and statutes. These types of global problems can be resolved. As per the data of United States
calculated per year, we found that the average family’s energy uses produces over 11,200 pounds
of air pollutants. Therefore, every unit of kilowatt of electricity preserved diminishes the natural
environment impact of energy use.
[ CITATION Bai97 \l 1033 ]

Habits of wasting energy:

Without paying much attention, we use a lot of energy each day from charging electronics to
watching TV. In fact, in 2014, the average U.S. residential household consumed 10,982 kWh of
electricity and spent around $2,200 annually on utility bills. Luckily, households can lower this
amount up to 25 percent by being more proactive with energy conservation tips.

Also the sources of wasting energy are numerous. We can present a graph of the sources of
wasting energy-

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 Fig 1: Graphical representation of source of wasting energy

There are some habits of wasting energy at our home-

1. Leaving the lights on.
2. Using incandescent bulbs.
3. Leaving electronics plugged in.
4. Powering an empty chest freezer.
5. Browsing the refrigerator.
6. Running the dishwasher half-full.
7. Washing clothes in hot water.
8. Setting the thermostat too high.
[CITATION Jon16 \l 1033 ]

Tips on saving energy:

There are some facts which considerably decrease the utility bills of a family. Following are
some points covered in Pollution Prevention (P2) concepts which help you to control energy use
and methods to conserve energy:-

Altering what you normally use in your daily routine:

1. You should walk or ride a bicycle instead of driving a car and as a result, it emits to
roughly 60% of air pollution.
2. At our homes, you should use lights which consume less energy and continue till 10
times more than bright light bulbs.
3. For saving energy in normal daily routine activities like we should air dry our clothes
rather than using dryers.
4. We should fit a thermostat which regulates the temperature automatically.
5. Search for that energy appliances which reduce your monthly electricity bills.

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Changing your activities you do in your everyday practice:

1. You should plant trees close to your window for natural air, so there will be less usage
of air conditioners.
2. Recycle items used in household activities such as cans, plastic water bottles, and
newspapers. It saves energy and raw material for making the same product.

3. Wash down clothes in filled loads in washing machine and in cold water. Use settings
on washing machines, dryers and dishwashers for saving energy.

4. Set the room temperature in thermostat up to 65O F when you are at home and
decrease the temperature to 55O F, when you are going to sleep.

Lastly, you should improve your housekeeping habits in such a way that saves more energy like
turning off lights when you are not present in room or not at home, close your heating vents and
doors in rooms which are not utilizing any more, clean your air filters regularly in winters as well
as in summers, it will work more powerfully and for long period as well. For making a proper
use of energy and conserving it, you should share and communicate these facts and information
with others in your family, friends and neighbors.

There are many other activities which help people to do with conserving or saving energy. For
example, we can take the example of a light bulb we use for lighting our homes; we could also
recycle it and can utilize solar energy instead of using electricity during the day. Conserving
energy is very important for the reasons that we use most of the energy resources are non-
renewable. So as to make proper utilization of these resources, we require finding to begin our
search for natural resources. We should use wind power, solar power energy, hydroelectricity,
and bio-fuels and as a result that will make our environment healthier and better. [ CITATION
Uni97 \l 1033 ]

As far as the question of living and non-living factors are concerned, the non-living factors like
sunlight, temperature, rainfall, water and soil. Both the sunlight and the temperature contribute to
the energy consumption. If we could use the sunlight in place of light switches in the home as
well as we can open the windows instead of running the air conditioners that can also cuts out a
tremendous amount of electricity that we can utilize later on. In case of water, instead of making
use of non-renewable source of energy to recycle the used water or overflow, the plants can be
way out to using solar powered and wind powered energy instead. For the soil, option to men
farming by hand rather than machines.
[ CITATION Lon061 \l 1033 ]

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Strategies to save energy:
Sustainability is a planned method focused by a good business judgment to decrease operating
cost and to increase ROI (return on investment). A sustainability strategy is also motivated by an
increased customer’s expectation for “green” suppliers and enterprise risk management.

There have developed some sustainability strategies and their solutions that will educate and
illustrate the members of our society:-

Sustainability Goals:
1. Social Goals
2. Ecological Goals

Improve human health and safety: It is designed to develop and put into practice a structure for
health which will ultimately enhance personal and organizational health and well-being as well
as improve safety and security.
Following action plans should be taken into consideration:-
1. Set up measurements and situate targets for promoting health and wellness.
2. Expand and apply an early interference program to support the improvement and go back
to work
3. Settle on efficiency of active tools
4. Promote new software and data collection systems
5. Increase current programs and journal articles that support health.

Ecological Goals:
1. Reduce pollution
2. Conserve resources.
Following under mentioned points should be taken into concerned:-
1. Buy BC Hydrogen green energy certificates.
2. Build up a transportation graph to maintain annual average automobile traffic campus.
3. Support the purchase of local products or commodities whenever possible.
4. To extend new programmes to instruct the society concerning the significance of waste
management.
5. Create clear principle for waste management and utilize of recycled materials.
6. Enlarge programs to decrease the amount of dangerous waste generated.

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 7. Conserve Resources: It diminishes non-renewable energy consumption and reduces water
consumption and use of paper.
8. Discover the usage of renewable sources of energy like hydrogen power, micro hydro,
ground resources heat pumps, and incorporated photovoltaic knowledge.
9. To make sure new building designs, both residential and institutional, think about future
change to alternate energy sources.
10. To plan new buildings to decrease the usage of water
11. Diminish irrigation requires during landscape plan, and other programmes planned to
conserve water.

[ CITATION The06 \l 1033 ]

We are facing some problems related to power shortage because everyone cannot afford the
electricity bills. So, we should plan to do some point urgently to get out of this wasteful style
affecting all sectors in our economy. The under mentioned energy conservation measures have
been taken by the government to solve our energy problems:-

Installation of efficient power plants: – For planning efficiency, we should bring havoc in
terms of economic issues and environmental pollution. We can find that combined cycle power
plant is being installed with inlet cooling to make sure the power plant can function at peak
efficiency and peak capacity in summers. Power generation in industrial and commercial sectors
is also a source of immense waste. To encourage high efficiency, special incentives should be
offered to industries and commercial complexes to encourage efficient utilization. Also, high
efficiency installations should be provided gas on a year round basis where load shedding is
followed in winter.

Efficient steam or hot water production: – There are many companies even now operating
boilers by making use of our costly gas. All these steam/hot water needs can be effectively
formed which means with the similar gas consumption we can produce hundreds of megawatt of
power and as a result can meet altogether the steam/hot water requirements.

Efficient central air-conditioning:- The government sanctioned many companies to install

centralized air-conditioning without making sure of economical utilization.

Time is passing out and proper steps should be planned for reasonable power as soon as possible.

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Energy efficiency and master plan of Bangladesh:
Energy has become one of the most important factors for better economic growth and people’s
life in Bangladesh. Energy efficiency and conservation is a cross-cutting issue for all the people.
There by issue the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan, and declare the unyielding
commitment of its implementation.
Bangladesh is a densely populated country with about 161 million people living in 147,570
square kilometers of land. In order to maintain a sustainable GDP growth of 7% and above up to
2020 and beyond, the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) needs to meet the essential energy
needs of the people and industries. For this purpose, demand-side energy management is just as
important as supply-side infrastructure development. The Sustainable & Renewable Energy
Development Authority (SREDA) was thus established by Bangladesh Parliament in May
2012as a national nodal organization for promoting demand-side energy efficiency and
conservation in the country.
A rapidly growing country like Bangladesh needs a huge amount of energy to feed its large
growth appetite. There is no room for wasting energy.

Energy Balance in Bangladesh:

Figure 2 shows the energy balance of Bangladesh in 2012 with data mainly from International
Energy Agency (IEA). Our primary energy supply is 33,172 ktoe, of which 55% is dependent on
domestic natural gas, followed by 27% of biomass & waste in rural area and 15% of imported
oil. On the demand side, out of 24,445 ktoe final consumption, the industrial sector uses 24% and
residential sector (excluding biomass & waste) follows at 15%.

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 [ CITATION Com12 \l 1033 ]

Figure 2: Energy Balance in Bangladesh (2012)

Structure of EE&C (Energy Efficiency and conservation) Planning and Implementation :

The EECMP is a supreme plan of Bangladesh’s initiative on energy efficiency and conservation,
of which preparation requirement is stipulated in the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Rules
(2014). The Plan declares Bangladesh’s unyielding commitment for EE &C implementation to
our people and to the
world. Under the
EECMP, all the policies,
programs, legal
documents (Act, Rules,
Regulations,
Circulars or Standards etc.)
and frameworks
are to be established.

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 Figure 3: Structure of EE&C (Energy Efficiency and Conservation) Planning and
Implementation
Sector-wise Energy Consumption:
The latest sector-wise energy consumption (industrial, residential, transport, agriculture and
commercial) is shown in Figure 2-4: industry has the biggest share at 47.8%, followed by
residence and transport at 30.5% and 11.5%, respectively. While transport sector is out of this
EECMP’s scope, by focusing on the industrial, residential and commercial sectors, we are able to
cover more than 80% of the total energy use of this country.
Energy Supply:
Bangladesh was able to exploit its abundant natural gas reserves. Three-quarters of its energy
supply depended on natural gas. It is anticipated, however, that the gas supply will reach its peak
by 2018 and gradually decrease thereafter. Therefore, we cannot afford to build another gas fired
power plant, rather resort to other natural resources for power generation, like oil, LNG and coal
etc. The Government plans to develop the Matarbari Island area to build ports and facilities,
which will allow imports of coals and liquefied natural gas (LNG) for power generations after
2021 and 2022, respectively. The development of other type of power generation (such as Note:
Grid electricity 1kWh= 2,867kcal (efficiency30%) basis, excluding biomass [ CITATION Com123 \l
1033 ] awaits negotiation with partner countries and seems to start operation by 2030.

Long term energy consumption forecast:

It is estimated that the primary energy consumption (excluding transportation and biomass) will
increase approximately three-fold from 27,500 ktoe in 2015 to 71,600 ktoe in 2030 as shown in

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Figure 4. The composition of sector-wise share will not see a significant change the consumption
in industrial sector will remain nearly half.

Source: [ CITATION Com121 \l 1033 ]

Figure 4: Forecast of Primary Energy Consumption in 2030 (BAU Case, Excluding
Transportation and Biomass)

[ CITATION Ene15 \l 1033 ]

Problems to conserve energy:

In light of air pollution, the overuse of fossil fuels, and other issues efforts to conserve energy
have been ramped up in the last few decades. Energy conservation can refer to reducing the
amount of energy used or finding alternatives to traditional energy sources.

A big challenge in changing consumer behavior and improving the efficiency of energy use lies
in how energy is sold in these countries. Under the Soviet system they inherited, customers have
traditionally paid for the heating of their homes based on how big their apartments are – not by
how much heat they use. Many of these customers also have no way to control the temperature in
their own apartments so they open windows to adjust the temperature! This leads to significant
energy waste and electricity systems that can’t sustain themselves financially.

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The World Bank is working on energy efficiency with governments in Balkan countries such as
Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro. In many cases, this means shifting from the old system to a
more modern one. It also requires substantial investments, public awareness-raising, social safety
nets for price increases and, above all else, political commitment. Political will can be
particularly difficult – no one has ever won by campaigning for higher energy prices.
Most people agree that energy efficiency is a good thing, but people generally overlook simple
measures like re-caulking their windows, unplugging large appliances when they’re not being
used, or putting a rug or carpet on the floor.
Progress toward energy efficiency is going to require us all to think long-term – politicians and
consumers. Unless we all start thinking differently about how we use energy, we may be staring
at more smokestacks in the years to come.
[ CITATION Jas13 \l 1033 ]

Conclusion:
The alarming increase in energy consumption, particularly in developing countries, predicted at
the beginning of the last decade, did not occur. Instead, the energy consumption growth rate of
the developing countries fell by approximately 50% during the decade.
Energy can be conserved by reducing wastage and losses, improving efficiency through
technological upgrades and improved operation and maintenance. On a global level energy use
can also be reduced by the stabilization of population growth.
Energy can only be transformed from one form to other, such as heat energy to motive power in
cars, or kinetic energy of water flow to electricity in hydroelectric power plants. However
machines are required to transform energy from one form to other. The wear and friction of the
components of these machine while running cause losses of very high amounts of energy and
very high related costs. It is possible to minimize these losses by adopting green engineering
practices to improve life cycle of the components.
On a global basis energy efficiency works behind the scenes to improve our energy security,
lower our energy bills and move us closer to reaching our climate goals. According to the IEA,
some 40% of the global energy efficiency market is financed with debt and equity. Energy
Performance Investment are one financing mechanism by which ECMs can be implemented now
and paid for by the savings realized over the life of the project. While all 50 states, Puerto Rico
and Washington, D.C., have statutes allowing companies to offer energy savings performance
contracts, success varies because of variations in the approach, the state’s degree of involvement
and other factors. Homes and businesses are implementing energy-efficiency measures that
include low-energy lighting, insulation and even high tech energy dashboards to cut bills by
avoiding waste and boosting productivity. [ CITATION RCh14 \l 1033 ]

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References:

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nuclear and hydro power.
5. (October 2012). Compiled by JICA Project Team, based on the present consumption data
and forecast by future growth rate sub-sector. UNFCC Second National Communication.
6. Deesing, J. (May,2016). Alliance to Save Energy. www.ase.org.
7. (June,2015). Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan upto 2030. Sustainable
and Renewable Energy Development Authority(SREDA) and Power Division,Ministry of
Power, Energy and Mineral Resources,Government of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh.
8. R. Knight, A.-W. (2012). Physics for scientists and engineers. Boston.
9. R.Chattopadhyay. (2014). Green Tribology, Green Surface Engineering and Global
Warming.
10. Singh, J. (February 08, 2013). Sustainable Energy for All. World Bank.
11. The Sustainability Strategy. ( May, 2006). The Social Science Journal.
12. United States Environmental Protection Agency. ( August 1997).
13. Wibberding, L. (2006). Basics of Energy Efficient Living: A Beginner’s Guide to
Alternative Energy and Home Energy Savings .

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