PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE

DR NOR FAIZAH BAWADI

LECTURE OUTLINES
 Introduction
 Pavement Life Cycle
 Cause of Pavement Deterioration
 Maintenance vs Rehabilitation
 Categories of Pavement Maintenance
 Highway rehabilitation
 Methods for determining roadway condition
 Highway safety devices
 INTRODUCTION
 Pavement maintenance : can mean a lot of things,
ranging from simple cleaning or restriping up to fixing
severe distresses like potholes and washouts.
 Maintenance can also involve different approaches,
based on whether the emphasis is on repairing
distresses or preventing them before they happen.
 Pavements are increasingly being designed for longer
service lives, and longer-lasting pavements mean
more opportunity for maintenance over the life of the
pavement structure.
PAVEMENT LIFE CYLE
Materials
Production

End-of-Life Design

Preservation,
Maintenance, and Construction
Rehabilitation

Use
 CAUSES OF PAVEMENT DETERIORATION
Causes Descriptions
1. Weathering/ Cause embrittlement and failure of the
surface water/ binder, with gradual loss of fine and
fuel spillage coarse aggregate.
2. Traffic Leading to fatigue, crazing and structural
Loading failure.
3. Thermal Changes in temperature between night
Movement and day, and seasonally cause expansion
and contraction of carriageway.
4. Moisture Swelling and shrinkage of sub-grades
Movement containing clays and silt may occur due
to changes in moisture content.
5. Slippage Form due to friction from braking or
Cracking turning wheels.
Causes Descriptions
6. Differential Occurs at boundaries of different
movement construction which gives rise to adverse
flexure stresses.
7
7. Reflective Occurs with composite pavement
joint cracking construction.
8. Pushing Permanent longitudinal displacement of
a localised area of the flexible pavement
surface by traffic.
9. Potholes Small bowl depressions where water
9
collecting inside the hole causes further
deterioration.
10. Rutting Formation of depression or tracks in
the pavement surface caused by wheel
loads and high temperature.
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 MAINTENANCE vs REHABILITATION
 Maintenance and rehabilitation are what we use to slow down or reset
this deterioration process.

MAINTENANCE REHABILITATION
 Maintenance actions, such as  Rehabilitation is the act of repairing
crack sealing, joint sealing, fog portions of an existing pavement to
seals and patching. reset the deterioration process.

 Help slow the rate of  For instance, removing and

deterioration by identifying replacing the wearing course in a
and addressing specific pavement provides new wearing
pavement deficiencies that course material on which the
contribute to overall deterioration process begins anew.
deterioration.
  Preventive maintenance when a pavement
is still in good condition (green arrow) is
significantly less expensive than treatment
after pavement deterioration has
accelerated (red arrow).

 The worse its condition gets, the more

expensive the treatment required to
restore the pavement to good condition, so
you want to apply an appropriate
treatment in the right general area on this
curve.
• A relatively inexpensive preventive maintenance treatment earlier in the
pavement’s life cycle, while it may only bring a slight improvement in the
condition of the pavement, still makes a tremendous difference if you consider
that it may postpone or avoid the need for a much more expensive treatment later
on.
 Categories of Pavement Maintenance
1. Pavement preservation:
 Programs and activities employing a network level, long term strategy
that enhances pavement performance by using an integrated, cost-
effective set of practices that extend pavement life, improve safety, and
meet road user expectations.

2. Pavement rehabilitation:
 Structural enhancements that extend the service life of an existing
pavement and/or improve its load-carrying capacity.

3. Pavement reconstruction:
 Replacement of the entire existing pavement structure by the
placement of the equivalent or increased pavement structure.
 Pavement Maintenance Activities
1. Ordinary Repairs
 Routine activities which are required irrespective of traffic or
engineering characteristics of the road; e.g. grass cutting, repair
to road furnishes, drain maintenance and recurrent activities
(repair potholes).
2. Periodical Renewal
 Application of a renewal coat of surfacing at periodical intervals.
3. Special Repairs
 May a rise an account of damage by floods or natural calamities
or small geometrical improvements that can bring forth-positive
improvements in traffic operation.
4. Urgent Repairs
 Can’t be anticipated but have to be carried but on immediate
basis, e.g. flood damage repairs, removal of road blockage etc.
PROBLEMS OF HIGHWAY REHABILITATION
 Insufficient funds to adequately repair and rehabilitate every
roadway section that deteriorates.
 Roads may be in poor condition but are still usable, making
it easy to defer repair projects until conditions become
unacceptable.
 Gradual deterioration of a pavement occurs due to many
factors, including variations in climate, drainage, soil
conditions, and truck traffic.
 When funds are extremely limited, agencies often respond
to either the most pressing and severe problems or the ones
that generate the most vocal complaints.
APPROACHES TO PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT
 Pavement management - various strategies that can
be used to decide on a pavement restoration and
rehabilitation policy.
 Plans that establish minimum standards for
pavement condition and seek to establish the type of
treatment required and the time frame for project
completion.
 Systematic process for maintaining, upgrading, and
operating physical pavement assets in a cost
effective manner.
 IMPORTANCE OF PAVEMENT
CONDITION DATA
1. Establishing Project Priorities
 Data on pavement condition are used to establish the relative
condition of each pavement and to establish project priorities.
 There are several methods of data acquisition, and each state
selects that combination of measures it considers most
appropriate.
2. Establishing Options
 Pavement condition data can be used to develop a long term
rehabilitation program.
 Data about pavement condition in terms of type, extent, and
severity are used to determine which available rehabilitation
options should be selected.
 IMPORTANCE OF PAVEMENT CONDITION DATA (CONT.)

3. Forecasting Performance
 By use of correlations between pavement performance indicators
and variables such as traffic loadings, it is possible to predict the
likely future condition of any given pavement section.
 This information is useful for preparing long-range budget
estimates of the cost to maintain the highway system at a
minimum standard of performance or to determine future
consequences of various funding levels.
METHODS FOR DETERMINING ROADWAY
CONDITION
1. Pavement roughness (ride ability)

2. Pavement distress (surface condition)

3. Pavement deflection (structural failure)

4. Skid resistance (safety)

1. Pavement roughness (ride ability)
 Irregularities in the pavement surface that affect the
smoothness of the ride.
 Two terms were defined - present serviceability rating
(PSR) and present serviceability index (PSI).
 PSR is a number grade given to a pavement section based
on the ability of that pavement to serve its intended traffic.
 PSI is a value for pavement condition determined as a
surrogate for PSR and is based on physical measurements.
2. Pavement distress (surface condition)
 Condition of a pavement surface in terms of its general
appearance.
 A perfect pavement is level and has a continuous and unbroken
surface.
 A distressed pavement may be fractured, distorted, or
disintegrated.
 Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is a widely used pavement
distress index developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
 PCI values range between 0 to 100 and are based on a visual
condition survey that measures distress type, severity, and extent
of pavement damage.
3. Pavement deflection (structural failure)
 Measured either by non-destructive means which measure
deflection under static or dynamic loadings, or by
destructive tests, which involve removing sections of the
pavement and testing these in the laboratory.
 Rarely used by state agencies for monitoring network
pavement condition due to the expense involved.
 Non-destructive evaluations, which gather deflection data,
are used by some agencies on a project basis for pavement
design purposes and to develop rehabilitation strategies.
4. Skid resistance (safety)
 • Ensure that roadway sections are operating at the highest
possible level of safety.
 • The principal measure of pavement safety is its skid resistance.

 • Skid resistance data are collected to monitor and evaluate the

effectiveness of a pavement in preventing or reducing skid-related
accidents.
 • Other elements contributing to the extent in which pavements
perform safely are rutting (which causes water to collect that
creates hydroplaning) and adequacy of visibility of pavement
markings.
Highway Drainage
 The pavement surface should be absolutely impermeable to
prevent seepage of water into the pavement layers.
 Further, both the geometry and texture of pavement surface
should be such that it drain out all the water from the surface
in less time.
 Drains should be provided on one side or both side of the
road pavement.
Types of Highway Drainage
• The surface water which is occurs as rain
• Some of the absorbed into the soil and
Surface reminder remains on the surface of the
ground and should be removed from the
highway pavement.

• Referred to ground water, which flows in

Sub- underground streams.
• This becomes important in highway cuts or
surface at locations where a high water table exists
near.
Cross-Section of Pavement Drainage

Sectional View

Plan View
 Importance of Pavement Drainage
1. Moisture (water) in soil subgrade may cause
considerable instability thus lead to pavement failure
to subgrade.
2. Water can use reduction in strength of many
pavement materials like stabilized soils.
3. Erosion of soil from the top of un-surfaced road and
slopes of embankment due to surface water.
4. Surface water may reduce the tyre-road interface
contact which leads to reduction in skid resistance.
5. Variation in moisture content.
Highway Safety Device
1. Types of safety devices;
 Guardrails
 Barriers
 Impact attenuators
 Pedestrian overpass and underpass
 Fence to restrict access of pedestrians and animals

2. Safety devices should be frequently and systematically inspected

and repaired.
Requirements of a Traffic Control
Device
Fulfill a need

Command attention

Convey a clear, simple

meaning

Command respect of road

users

Give adequate time for

proper response.