ENHANCEMENT OF MICROWAVE ABSORPTION

USING FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE

WITH
ELECTRONIC WASTE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : SUBMITTED BY :

Dr. GAGNDEEP AUL VIKASDEEP VIRDI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR M.TECH(ECE)
DEPARTMENT OF ECE 11701356
DAV UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR
4/23/19 1
ENHANCEMENT OF MICROWAVE ABSORPTION
USING FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE
WITH
ELECTRONIC WASTE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : SUBMITTED BY :

Dr. GAGNDEEP AUL VIKASDEEP VIRDI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR M.TECH(ECE)
DEPARTMENT OF ECE 11701356
DAV UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR
4/23/19 2
 RADAR CROSS SECTION
Radar cross section (RCS) is the measure of a target's ability to reflect radar signals in
the direction of the radar receiver, i.e. it is a measure of the ratio of backscatter density
in the direction of the radar (from the target) to the power density that is intercepted by
the target. . There are four methods to reduce the RCS, i.e. shaping, passive loading,
active loading and radar absorbing material (RAM)[1].

Figure 1. Concept of RCS

4/23/19 3
 RADAR CROSS SECTION
The RCS is also defined as shown in following equation[1]:

(1)
where :
σ : Radar cross section of the target (m²)
R : distance between radar and target (m)
Es : Reflected or scattered electric field (V/m)
Hs : Reflected or scattered magnetic field (A/m)
Ei : Incident electric field (V/m)
Hi : Incident magnetic field (A/m).

4/23/19 4
 AFFECTING FACTORS ON RCS
There are many factors which effecting on the RCS[1]. These are following:

 1. The material of which the target is made

 2. The absolute size of the target
 3. The incident angle
 4. The reflected angle
 5. The polarization of the transmitted and the received radiation with respect to the
orientation of the target.

4/23/19 5
 RADAR ABSORBING MATERIAL
The purpose of the radar absorbing material is to soak up incident energy and thereby
reduce the energy scattered or reflected back to the radar. RAM are essentially
material characterized by large value for the imaginary part of permittivity or
permeability[2].

Figure 2 Working of Radar Absorbing Material 4/23/19 6

 ELECTROMAGNETIC LOSS
MECHANISM
Radar absorbing material consists of a filler material within a material matrix. This is
characterized by their electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. The
permittivity is measure of the effect of material on the electric field in EM wave. The
permittivity is given as:

ℇ*=ℇ’-jℇ” (2)

The tangent loss is defined as the ratio of complex part to the real part. The
larger the tangent loss of the absorbing material, the larger the attenuation as
the wave travels through the absorbing material. The electric loss tangent of
absorbing material is given as:

tan �e = ℇ”/ ℇ’ (3)

4/23/19 7
 ELECTROMAGNETIC LOSS
MECHANISM
The permeability is measure of the effect of material on the magnetic field in EM
wave. The magnetic permeability is defined as:

µ* = µ’ - jµ”
(4)

The magnetic tangent loss is given as:

tan �m = µ”/ µ’
(5)

In many microwave absorbers, both the permittivity and permeability are parameter
of frequency and can very significantly over even a small frequency range. If the
complex part of the parameters is known over a frequency range then the effect of
material on wave is completely known[3]. 4/23/19 8
 RETURN LOSS
Return loss of wave is the ratio of power in the incident wave to the power in the
reflected wave, but it is calculated into the decibel form. If the return loss of an absorber
is greater than -20dB then absorber is considered as good microwave absorber [2].
Return Loss = 10log(��/��)= −20log(��/��)
(6)
Where Ei is incident voltage wave amplitude
Er is reflected voltage wave amplitude
Pi is incident power amplitude
Pr is reflected power amplitude.

4/23/19 9
 MICROWAVE ABSORBER
CLASSIFICATION
 BASIS ON THE FREQUENCY
1. Reflectivity Narrowband
2. Reflectivity Broadband
3. Jaumann absorbers
 BASIS ON THE MATERIAL
1. Magnetic Material
2. Dielectric Material
3. Moldable

4/23/19 10
 BASIS ON THE FREQUENCY
Reflectivity Narrowband

The narrowband absorbers have single layer which resonate when the thickness
of material is equal to ¼ wavelengths. The incoming wave is partially reflected by
front surface of the material and partially is transmitted. This partially transmitted
wave travels through to back to the absorber where it is reflected and propagates
back through the front surface of material[4].

Figure 3. Narrowband Absorber 4/23/19 11

 BASIS ON THE FREQUENCY
Reflectivity Broadband[4]

a) Multilayer:- Multilayer absorber exhibits the

broadband reflectivity performance. Multiple
discrete layers can be stacked which will enable
the 377 ohm input impedance condition over a
broader range of frequencies.
b) Impedance Gradient:- In impedance gradient, the
impedance at the front surface of material is 377
ohms but reduces to zero ohms at the back face of
the material. So there is no abrupt transition layer,
there is no point which causes a large reflection.
c) Jaumann Absorber:- The Jaumann absorber Figure 4. Broadband Absorber
extends the Salisbury screen concept to multiple
layers means narrowband to broadband absorber .
4/23/19 12
 BASIS ON THE MATERIAL
MAGNETIC ABSORBER

This type of absorber is utilizing a stuffing with the ferromagnetic properties and
it gives the high permeability and high magnetic loss. Cavity resonance damping
is best in magnetic absorber and where absorber is placed, the magnetic field is
maximum on the conductive surface[4].

DIELECTRIC ABSORBER

These type of materials have no magnetic properties i.e. µ=1. The loss mechanism
is purely dielectric and loss can arise from variety of sources within a dielectric. It
low cost material.

MOLDABLE ABSORBER

These types of materials are the combination of magnetic absorber and dielectric
absorber. 4/23/19 13
FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE
Frequency Selective Surfaces are planar periodic structures of identical patches or
apertures of conducting elements repeating periodically in either a one or two-
dimensional array on a dielectric substrate. Because of their frequency selective
properties, FSS are incorporated in a wide variety of applications such as the
realization of reflector antennas, making polarizers and beam splitters, radome design
and also as radar absorbing structure[5].

4/23/19 14
 CHARACTERISTICS OF FSS
Different elemental shapes of FSS offer different frequency responses. Factors
influencing FSS response are[6]:
 Typically narrow band
 Element type: dielectric and metallic
 Depends upon element shape
 Depends upon element spacing and orientation

4/23/19 15
 FSS TYPES
METALLIC FSS

In this type of FSS “periodic arrays of identical elements” can be categorized into
two distinct subparts, dipole arrays and slot arrays[5].

Figure 5. Slot array Figure 6. Dipole array

4/23/19 16
 FSS TYPES
ALL DIELECTRIC FSS[5]
Naturally absorbing materials:- It can provide a great broadband response and
depending on the amount of loss in the absorbing material, can have great amounts
of suppression on to the transmitted power.

Stacks of dielectric layers:- With the use of this, one can create distributed Bragg
reflectors to achieve a frequency selective response. These filters provide a
broadband response and can be made to provide a great amount of suppression to
transmitted power.

A guided-mode resonance (GMR):- This filter formed whenever a slab waveguide

and a grating are brought into close proximity so that they are electromagnetically
coupled.

4/23/19 17
 LITERATURE SURVEY
D. Singh reveals the microwave absorption with Ba material with
five different morphologies i.e. Single Square, Double Square, Triple Square, Cross
Dipole, Juresalem cross array [6].

Structure Reflection Loss Frequency

Single Square (2mm) -2dB 9GHz & 10.5GHz
Double Square (2mm) -4.9dB 10GHz
Triple Square (2mm) -9.19dB 10GHz
Cross Dipole (2mm) -5.99dB 9GHz
Juresalem cross -4.86dB 9GHz & 10.5GHz
array(2mm)

Table 1. Microwave Absorption of Different Geometries

4/23/19 18
(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

Figure 7. Microwave absorption of: (a) Single Square (b) Double

Square (c) Triple Square (d) Cross Dipole (e) Juresalem Cross Array
4/23/19 19
Panwar et. al. calculated the reflection loss of microwave absorber with
ferrite-graphene composite[7]. The composition is following:

Heterogeneous Code Max Max Max. Max.

. .
Composite s' µ' tanδs tanδµ

Hard-soft ferrite F 9.3 0.9 0.2 0.3

Ferrite (90 wt %) + FG1 11.5 1.2 0.2 0.3

Graphene (10 wt %)

Ferrite (80 wt %) + FG2 12.1 1.2 0.3 0.2

Graphene (20 wt %)

Ferrite (70 wt %) + FG3 14.3 1.1 0.4 0.2

Graphene (30 wt %)

Nano Fe3O4 (50 wt %) + FT 18.8 1.4 0.3 0.2

Micron sized Ti (25 wt %)
+
Table 2. Heterogeneous composites with corresponding
Nano sized Ti (25 wt %) 4/23/19 20
dielectric and Magnetic properties in x-band
 Figure 8. Frequency dependent RL characteristics
for two layer absorbers without fractal FSS
Geometry Layer 1 Layer 2 Thickness Reflection
Double Layer 1.4mm
Absorber -24.16dB
FG2 FT
Fractal
Integrated 1.3mm -32.60dB
Absorber FG2 FT
Fractal
Sandwiched 1.3mm -41.29dB
Structure FG2 FT

4/23/19 21
Table 3 Two optimal solution with RL
M. Najim et al. focusing on iron-zinc oxide composite as a microwave absorber
because of its excellent dielectric properties, low cost, and high thermal stability.
The increase in the fraction of zinc oxide upto 60wt% resulted in an increase of RL
value to -20.90 dB with the thickness of 2.1 mm for single layer iron-zinc oxide
composite with a bandwidth of 3.43 GHz (- 10 dB). Increase in RL value with a
reduction in coating thickness has been observed using multi-layering technique.
Loading of FSS resulted in the shifting of the maximum microwave absorption to a
desired frequency range[8].

Figure 9. The RL curves for multi-layered coating and

4/23/19 22
loading of FSS over multi-layered coatings
Panwar et al. presents an electronic waste composite based microwave absorber
blended with fractal frequency selective surface (FSS). It is very cost effective
microwave absorber. In this a double layer absorber loaded with Minkowski fractal
geometry based FSS is designed with the help of Ansoft HFSS. A double layer
absorber loaded with fractal FSS provide a strongest RL value of -30.5 dB at
1 1.3 GHz. The effective bandwidth of absorber is 4.2 GHz covering whole of
the X-band[9].

Figure 10. Frequency dependent RL characteristics

4/23/19 23
of Minkoswki loop type fractal FSS
Singh et al design of Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) loaded over single layer
absorber with copper and cobalt doped barium hexaferrite nanoparticles which
are synthesized through sol-gel auto combustion route. The stoichiometric
amount of salts i.e., barium nitrate (Ba (N0 3)2, citric Acid (C6Hs07.H20), cobalt
nitrate hexa-hydrate (Co (N03)2.6H20), copper nitrate tri hydrate (Cu (N03)2.3H20)
and iron nitrate (Fe (N03)3.9H20). The RL for Minkowski loop (n=l) is -35.0 dB
with bandwidth of 2.7 GHz (RL< -10 dB) at 10.5 GHz and RL for Minkowski
loop (n=2) approaches to -4l.0 dB at 10.3 GHz with bandwidth of 3.0 GHz[10].

Figure 11Reflection loss of different FSS 4/23/19 24

shapes loaded on absorber
Effect of variation of dimension of FSS on absorption:

Figure 12. Minkowski loop level 1 Figure 13. Minkowski loop level 2

4/23/19 25
Ren et al investigated that the influence of FeCoB-based magnetic film on the
absorption properties of traditional frequency selective surface (FSS) in frequency
range of 2GHz to 18GHz. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used as
substrate with minkowski loop fractal. The 3.1-mm-thick RA is relatively light and
could obtain the reflectivity of -38.41 dB and with -20 dB bandwidth of 1.85
GHz[11].

Figure 14. Minkowski loop fractal Figure 15. Reflectivity results of AFSS samples by
different magnetic layer incorporation
4/23/19 26
Yang et al. presented that polymer composite containing flake-shaped iron particles
were prepared by the mechanical milling of two batches of iron powders under
controlled conditions. Two types of iron powder with a purity of 98.5% and 99.3%
were coded as Fe(A) and Fe(B), respectively. The as-received rod-like powders were
milled into flake shapes within a steel vessel for 2hr and 4hr, respectively. For 40 wt.
% composite (with epoxy resin) with 2 mm thickness, the predicted reflection loss
reaches -19.4 dB at 14.9 GHz for Fe(A)/2hr, -28.0 dB at 8.96 GHz for Fe(A)/4hr,
-31.6 dB at 11.6 GHz and -42.9 dB for Fe(B)/2hr at 7.84 GHz for Fe(B)/4hr as
magnetic fillers[12].

Figure 16. Experimental and analytic reflection

loss of Fe (A) and Fe (B) composites 4/23/19 27
Panwar et al. analyzed the absorbing behavior of sugarcane bagasse-based
agriculture waste composite in the X-band frequency band. The combination of
element is suitable for its possible usage as a cost effective microwave absorbing
material. The effect of minkowski loop frequency selective surface (FSS) studied
over the absorption capability of the composite. The waste composite material
was homogeneously mixed with 10 wt % of Bisphenol A Novolac epoxy. an FSS-
impacted composite absorber provides strong RL values of −28.4 dB at 10.7 GHz
(thickness= 2.9) with broad bandwidth of 3.6 GHz[13].

Figure 17. Effect of variation of FSS dimension with optimized

4/23/19 28
thickness (i.e. d = 2.9 mm) of FSS-impacted composite absorber.
Panwar et al. critically analyzed the mineral dust and beach sand-based
composite material for its application as broadband radar wave absorber in the
frequency range of 8.2-12.2 GHz. Mineral dust (M1) consists of oxides of Fe,
Zn, and Mg, and mineral waste M2 has the oxides of Fe, Zn, Mn, and C.
Beach sand (C) is a mixture of oxides of Ti and Si. The waste composite
materials (90 wt %) were uniformly blended with 10 wt % Bisphenol A
Novolac epoxy (liquid type). A two-layer absorber provides a peak RL
value of −27.20 dB at 10.8 GHz with 3.5 GHz bandwidth (RL ≤ −10 dB) for
1.9 mm coating thickness and 1.8-mm-thick three-layer absorber possesses
a RL value of −32.58 dB at 11.2 GHz over a wide frequency range of 9.3–
12.1 GHz[14].

4/23/19 29
Figure 18. Measured RL of (a) single layer of M1 with thickness 3.0 mm,
(b) two layer consists of M1 (1.0 mm) and M2C (0.9 mm), and (c) three-
layer absorber consists of M2 (0.5 mm), M1 (0.7 mm), and M2C (0.6 mm).4/23/19 30
Haibing et al. studied the multilayer ultrathin radar wave absorbing structure (RAS)
involving frequency selective surface (FSS) with flaky carbonyl iron powders were
used to produce two kinds of silicone rubber matrix magnetic composites for the top
and the bottom layer. The structure of the composite RASs and the structure of FSS
with splits shows that there are great improvements of absorption strength at full
frequency of 2–18 GHz and the proposed composite RASs with the total thickness of
1.7 mm (t2=1.0 mm, t2=0.7 mm) obtain the operating frequency band of 13.2 GHz
(from 4.8 to 18 GHz) and bandwidth covers C-band, X-band and Ku-band[15].

4/23/19 31
CONCLUSION OF LITERATURE SURVEY
According to literature survey, electronic waste material has good reflection
properties better than others in X-band frequency range with less coating thickness,
better absorption and its bandwidth with minkowski loop fractal is wide. It is very
cost effective solution to make the radar absorbing material with better reflection
and wide bandwidth.

4/23/19 32
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this part, basic steps of our research work in order to achieve good results for
absorption in frequency selective surface. This is explaining by the flow chart:-

Material Selection and Preparation

Substrate

Method of Coating

Mechanical Characterization

Electrical Characterization

Figure 19. Flow chart of Methodology 4/23/19 33

 PROBLEM FORMULATION
In this research, we will develop the material with electronic waste material with
frequency selective surface in X-band frequency range. It is very cost effective
material. It includes computer printed circuit board (PCB) waste and mobile PCB waste
and also other PCB waste which can provide very good absorption and less coating
thickness. It will first process in a high energy planetary ball mill (crushing machine)
for limited time for investigating dielectric, magnetic and radar absorbing properties
which develop fractals frequency selective surface. Various parameters are to be for
calculation of reflection loss (Absorption) by mechanical and electrical
characterization.

4/23/19 34
 REFRENCES
[1] Hakan UÇAR, Lt. Istanbul Naval Shipyard Design Project Office Pendik,
Istanbul, Turkiye Journal of Naval Science and Engineering 2013, Vol.9, No.2, pp.
72-87, ‘RADAR CROSS SECTION REDUCTION’.
[2] K.J Vinoy, R.M. Jha, “Radar Absorbing Material - From theory to design and
characterization”.
[3] Harsroop Kaur, Gagandeep Aul, “A Review Based on Effects of Change in
Thickness and Number of Layers on Microwave Absorbing Materials”, 2014.
[4] C. Mitrano,“CFRP-based Broad Band Radar Absorbing Materials”, IEEE, 1-
4244-1539x, 2008
[5] Jay Houston Barton. Frequency selective surfaces for extreme applications
[6] D. Singh, A. Kumar, S. Meena, and V. Agarwala. Analysis of frequency selective
surfaces for radar absorbing materials. Progress In Electromagnetics Research B,
Vol. 38, 297–314, 2012. (2012). Electromagnetics, 38(February), 297–314.
[7] Panwar, R., Puthucheri, S., Singh, A., Singh, D., & Agarwala, V. (2016). Critical
analysis of fractal FSS with heterogeneous composite to enhance microwave
absorption for stealth application. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and RF
Conference 2015, IMaRC 2015, 416–418.
https://doi.org/10.1109/IMaRC.2015.7411445. 4/23/19 35
[8] M. Najim, P. Smitha, V. Agarwala and D. Singh. Development of FSS Printed
on Multi-layered Iron-Zinc Oxide Composite Coatings for Microwave Absorption.
National Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics & Computer Engineering.
[9] Panwar, R., Agarwala, V., & Singh, D. (2015). A cost effective solution for
development of broadband radar absorbing material using electronic waste.
Ceramics International, 41(2), 2923–2930.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.10.118
[10] Singh, A., Panwar, R., Puthucheri, S., Singh, D., & Agarwala, V. (2016).
Parametric analysis of frequency selective surfaces over radar absorbing
nanocrystalline structures. RAECE 2015 - Conference Proceedings, National
Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics and Computer Engineering.
https://doi.org/10.1109/RAECE.2015.7510229.
[11] Wenyi Ren, Yan Nie, X. Xiong, C. Zhang, Y. Zhou, R. Gong(2012). Enhancing
and broadening absorption properties of frequency selective surfaces absorbers
using FeCoB-based thin film, 703, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3670980
[12] Yang, R. Bin, Liang, W. F., Choi, S. T., & Lin, C. K. (2013). The effects of size
and shape of iron particles on the microwave absorbing properties of composite
absorbers. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 49(7), 4180–4183.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2013.2239973
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[13] Panwar, R., Puthucheri, S., Singh, D., Agarwala, V., & Lee, J. R. (2017).
Microwave absorption properties of FSS-impacted composites as a broadband
microwave absorber. Advanced Composite Materials, 26(2), 99–113.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2016.1232009.
[14] Panwar, R., Puthucheri, S., Agarwala, V., & Singh, D. (2015). An efficient use of
waste material for development of cost-effective broadband radar wave absorber.
Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 29(9), 1238–1255.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2015.1044125.
[15] Xu, H., Bie, S., Xu, Y., Yuan, W., Chen, Q., & Jiang, J. (2015). Broad bandwidth
of thin composite radar absorbing structures embedded with frequency selective
surfaces. COMPOSITES PART A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.019.

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