Rekayasa Kualitas

Materi ke – 1
Pendahuluan
Posisi mata kuliah ini
Pengendalian
Statistik I Kualitas

Statistik II Perancangan
Eksperimen
Rekayasa
Kualitas
OR I-II

Matriks dan
Vektor
Definition of Quality
 Quality means different things to different
people ( Juran, Deming, Crosby, Garvin and
Feigenbaum )
 Taguchi
“We measure the quality of a product in
terms of the total loss to society due to
functional variation and harmful side effects”
Definition Quality Engineering
 Quality Engineering is defined as "the branch of
engineering which deals with the principles and
practice of product and service quality assurance and
quality control ".
 A Quality Engineer would therefore responsible for
the implementation of a Quality Management
System in the company as well as for the
maintenance of the QMS. Changes in Processes and
Products should be consulted by the Quality
Engineer.
Quality Engineering
Course dan Research
Quality Engineering
Course dan Research
 The Research Group of Quality Engineering has no
disciplinary boundaries: its methodologies are
applicable to every branch of engineering and
business.
 The focus of the Group is on the analytical aspect,
making heavy use of applied probability and
statistical tools for data collection, analysis,
interpretation, and decision making.

http://www.ise.nus.edu.sg/research_groups/quaeng/
Quality Engineering
Course dan Research
 In particular, the systems perspective employed will
often lend broad views and provide sharpened
insights to industrial leaders and managers in their
pursuit of quality excellence and business viability.
 Research conducted includes statistical process
control, robust design, design of experiments,
engineering reliability, and software reliability.

http://www.ise.nus.edu.sg/research_groups/quaeng/
Quality Engineering
Course dan Research
 Pengetahuan dan ketrampilan untuk meningkatkan
kualitas produk dan jasa melalui pemahaman
terhadap standar, quality control , quality assurance ,
berbagai alat statistik untuk keperluan pengendalian
dan peningkatan kualitas, serta implementasi konsep
Total Quality Management, Six Sigma, dan
perbaikan berkelanjutan.

S2 - ITS
Batasan Rekayasa Kualitas
Dalam Kuliah Ini
 Membantu mahasiswa untuk memahami dan
mengaplikasi metoda Taguchi.
 Beberapa studi kasus masalah industri diberikan
untuk memahami aplikasi metoda Taguchi
secara sistematik.
What is the Design of Experiment
technique?
 It all began with R. A. Fisher in England back
in 1920’s.
 Fisher wanted to find out how much rain,
sunshine, fertilizer, and water produce the
best crop.
 Design Of Experiments(DOE):
 statistical technique
 study the effect of multiple variables
simultaneously
Who is Taguchi?
 Born in Japan, 1924
 Electrical Engineer
 Worked during 1950’s to improve Japan’s
post-WWII telephone communication system
 Father of the “Taguchi Method” and “Robust
Engineering”
 He devoted much of his quality improvement
effort on simplifying and standardizing the
application of the DOE technique.
Who is Taguchi?

Source : www.qualitydigest.com
What is The Taguchi Approach ?
 Design of Experiments (DOE) using
Taguchi Approach is a standardized
form of experimental design technique
(referred as classical DOE) introduced
by R. A. Fisher in England in the early
1920’s.
What is The Taguchi Approach ?
 Although Dr. Taguchi successfully
applied the technique in many
companies throughout the world, it was
introduced to USA and other western
countries only in the early 1980’s.
 Design of Experiment using the Taguchi
Approach is just one of the many tools.
WHAT’S NEW? Philosophy ! 
 Traditionally, quality activities took
place only at the production end.
 Dr. Genichi Taguchi proposed that a
better way to assure quality is to build it
in the product by designing quality into
the product
WHAT’S NEW? Philosophy !
 DO IT UP-FRONT:
 He emphasized that the return on investment is
much more when quality was addressed in
engineering stages before production
 The best way is to build quality into the design
 DO IT IN DESIGN. DESIGN QUALITY IN:
 Does not replace quality activities in production
 Must not forget to do quality in design
WHAT’S NEW? Philosophy !
 A few popular techniques used in different phases of
engineering activities
Phases of Techniques
engineering activities
Design Design Reviews, DOE, Taguchi
methods, etc.
Development DOE, Taguchi Methods, Growth
Modeling, etc.
Test & Validation Reliability, Taguchi Methods
Production SPC, DOE, Taguchi Methods, Loss
Function
WHAT’S NEW? Philosophy !
 How do you improve quality in Design,
Development, and Validation and Production?
 The Taguchi approach presents an attractive option in
all activities mentioned above.
The Biggest Bang For Your Buck

A B C D
Design Development Test & Validation Production
WHAT’S NEW? Loss Function! 
 By measuring quality not by Rejection at
production, but in terms of deviation from
the target.
 By using the Loss function formulation to
quantify the cost of quality
WHAT’S NEW? Loss Function!
LOSS FUNCTION : A formula to quantify the amount
of loss based on deviation from the target performance.
$Loss

L=K(y -Yo)2

Target Yo y
WHAT’S NEW? Definition of Quality! 
 CONSISTENCY OF PERFORMANCE :
Quality may be viewed in terms of
consistency of performance. To be consistent
is to BE LIKE THE GOOD ONE’S ALL
THE TIME.
WHAT’S NEW? Definition of Quality!
 CONSISTENCY OF PERFORMANCE

Target Target Target

WHAT’S NEW? Definition of Quality!
 REDUCED VARIATION AROUND THE
TARGET: Quality of performance can be
measured in terms of variations around the
target.
 Minimize variation around the target by
reducing the distance of the mean to the
target(m) and by reducing the standard
deviation ().
WHAT’S NEW? Definition of Quality!
Target

What you want

to become
m
What you are now

Mean Target

To improve quality (Q)

Q =  + m
WHAT’S NEW? Discipline! 
 BRAINSTORMING: Plan experiments and follow
through.
 TEAM WORK: Work as a team and not alone.
 CONSENSUS DECISIONS: Make decisions
democratically as a team. Avoid expert based
decisions.
 COMPLETE ALL EXPERIMENTS planned before
making any conclusions.
WHAT’S NEW? Discipline!
Typical Old Approach
(Series Process) Some thinking

Try this

Some more thinking

Try that
 Do Lots OfThinking
(Brainstorming)
New Approach - What are weafter?
(A Parallel Process) - How do we measure results?
Application Steps
- etc.
I. Planning
II. Designing

Trial#1 Trial#2

III. Doing
Conduct Experiments

Analyze Results IV. Analyzing

Runconfirmation V. Confirming
Experiments
WHAT’S NEW? Simpler and
Standardized DOE!
 APPLICATION STEPS: Steps for
applications are clearly defined.
 EXPERIMENT DESIGNS: Experiments are
designed using special orthogonal arrays.
 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: Analysis and
conclusions follow standard guidelines.
WHY TAGUCHI APPROACH?
 Experimental Efficiency
 Easy Application And Data Analysis
 Higher Probability Of Success
 Option To Confirm Predicted
Improvement
 Quantified Improvement
 Improve Quality And Profitability
WHEN and WHERE to apply
 Solve manufacturing and production
problems
 Optimize process designs
 Optimize product designs
 Apply when more than one factor
influences the outcome
Use of Statistical Technique - Old way
Vs. New way
 OLD WAY
 Quality belongs to a few
 Statistical tools used only when needed
 Applied with the help of resident experts
 Work alone or with smaller groups
 NEW WAY
 Quality is everyone’s business
 Statistical techniques applied more often
 Everyone learns to apply it on their own
 Techniques used are easy to learn and apply
 Often work as a team
Pertemuan Selanjutnya
 Dasar-dasar rekayasa kualitas
 Metoda Taguchi
 Kualitas dan kemampuan proses

Referensi :
Belavendram , hal 1 – 40
Phadke , hal 1 – 9 ( Jadi Tugas – 1 )