CEMENT

http://www.tancem.com/images/inner/projects/gemini.jpg

Stephanie M. Murillo Maikut

http://www.math.lsu.edu/~bogdan/photo-albums/poland-poznan/square-town-houses.jpg
 INTRODUCTION
Definition: “Cement is a crystalline compound of
calcium silicates and other calcium compounds
having hydraulic properties” (Macfadyen, 2006).
 RAW MATERIALS
The fundamental chemical compounds to produce cement are:
Lime (CaO)
Silica (SiO2)
Alumina (Al2O3)
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)

Raw materials used in the production of cement

Fly ash: by-product of burning finely grounded coal either for industrial application or in
the production of electricity

(Macfadyen, 2006)
(Hoffman, 2006)
 LIME - Cao

1. Lime forms nearly two-third (2/3) of the

cement. Therefore sufficient quantity of the lime
must be in the raw materials for the
manufacturing of cement.
2. Its proportion has an important effect on the
cement. Sufficient quantity of lime forms
dicalcium silicate and tri-calcium silicate in the
manufacturing of cement.
3. Lime in excess, causes the cement to expand
and disintegrate.
 Silica – Sio2

1. The quantity of silica should be enough

to form di-calcium silicate and tri-calcium
silicate in the manufacturing of cement.
2. Silica gives strength to the cement.
3. Silica in excess causes the cement to set
slowly.
 Alumina – Al2O3

1. Alumina supports to set quickly to

the cement.
2. Lowers the clinkering temperature.
3. Alumina in excess, reduces the
strength of the cement.

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3):

Iron oxide gives colour to

the cement
 Magnesia (MgO):

1.It also helps in giving colour to the

cement.
2.Magnesium in excess makes the cement
unsound

Calcium Sulphate (or) Gypsum (Ca SO4)

At the final stage of manufacturing, gypsum
is added to increase the setting of cement.
 SOURCES OF CaCO3

Sedimentary deposits of marine origin (limestone)

Marble (metamorphosed limestone)
Chalk
Marl
Coral
Aragonite
Oyster and clam shells
Travertine
Tuff

LIMESTONES
Originate from the biological deposition of shells and skeletons of plants and animals.

Massive beds accumulated over millions of years.

In the cement industry limestone includes calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.
Most industrial quality limestones is of biological origin.

The ideal cement rock 77 to 78% CaCO3, 14% SiO2, 2.5% Al2O3, and 1.75% FeO3.
Limestone with lower content of CaCO3 and higher content of alkalis and magnesia
requires blending with high grade limestone

(Macfadyen, 2006)
(Kussmaul, 2003)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Limestoneshale7342.jpg
 SOURCES OF ARGILLACEOUS MINERALS

Argillaceous mineral resources:

Clay and shale for alumina and silica
Iron ore for iron

Other natural sources of silica are and alumina are:

Loess, silt, sandstone, volcanic ash, diaspore, diatomite, bauxite

Shales, mudstones, and sandstones are typically interbedded with the

limestone and were deposited as the inland waters and oceans covered the
land masses. Clays are typically younger surface deposits

(Macfadyen, 2006)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ShaleUSGOV.jpg
TYPES OF CEMENT:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement
2. Rapid Hardening Cement (or) High Early
Strength cement
3. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Sulphate Resisting Cement
5. Quick Setting Cement
6. Low Heat Cement
7. Portland Pozzolana Cement
8. Portland Slag Cement
9. High Alumina Cement
10. Air Entraining Cement
11. Supersulphated Cement
12. Masonry Cement
13. Expansive Cement
14. Colored Cement
15. White Cement
PROCESSING
 USES
Uses

Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars

Modern uses
Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks, mortar, panels, plaster)
Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts, tunnels, parking, etc.)
Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles, pylons, fencing)
Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)

(http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1152/2005-1152.pdf)
(http://www.holcim.com/NZ/EN/id/71772/mod/gnm20/page/editorial.
html)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29)
http://www.wpclipart.com/working/construction/concrete_block.png
http://irandaily.ir/1383/2116/html/005991.jpg
 SUBSTITUTES
It competes in the construction industry with concrete substitutes:
Alumina
Asphalt
Clay brick
Fiberglass
Glass
Steel
Stone Wood

Some materials like fly ash and ground granulated furnace slugs have
good hydraulic properties and are being used as partial substitutes for
portland cement in some concrete applications

(http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/cemenmcs07.pdf)
 U.S production and consumption of portland cement

(http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1152/2005-1152.pdf)
 REFERENCES
Hoffman, G., 2006: Pozzolans and supplementary cementitious materials. Pages 1161-
1172 in Industrial Minerals and Rocks 7th edition. Edited by J.E. Kogel, N.C., Trivedi,
J.M. Barker & S.T. Krudowski. Littleton, Colorado: SME
Macfadyen, J.D., 2006: Cement and cement raw materials. Pages 1121-1136 in
Industrial Minerals and Rocks 7th edition. Edited by J.E. Kogel, N.C., Trivedi, J.M.
Barker & S.T. Krudowski. Littleton, Colorado: SME
http://www.holcim.com/NZ/EN/id/71772/mod/gnm20/page/editorial.htm
Consulted April 2007
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1152/2005-1152.pdf Consulted April 2007
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/r/roman/roman_pantheon.jpg Consulted April
2007
http://www.recycleworks.org/images/flyash_concrete.gif Consulted April 2007
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Limestoneshale7342.jpg Consulted April 2007
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ShaleUSGOV.jpg Consulted April 2007
http://www.heta4.com/imagesandgraphics/images/frontendloader.gif Consulted
April 2007
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29 Consulted April 2007
http://www.wpclipart.com/working/construction/concrete_block.png Consulted April
2007
http://irandaily.ir/1383/2116/html/005991.jpg Consulted April 2007
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/cemenmcs06.pdf
Consulted April 2007\
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/cemenmcs07.pdf
Consulted April 2007