TERTIARY

K-T BOUNDARY
• The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary, formerly known as the Cretaceous–
Tertiary (K–T) boundary, is a geological signature, usually a thin band of rock.
K = Kreide (chalk)= Cretaceous Period and
Pg= Paleogene Period.
• The K–Pg boundary marks the end of the Cretaceous Period, the last period of
the Mesozoic Era, and marks the beginning of the Paleogene Period, the first period of
the Cenozoic Era. Its age is usually estimated at around 66 Ma (million years ago),
with radiometric dating yielding a more specific age of 66.043 ± 0.011 Ma.
• The K–Pg boundary is associated with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event,
a mass extinction which destroyed a majority of the world's Mesozoic species, including
all dinosaurs except for birds.
The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Mass Extinction
What caused it, and how did the earth system respond?
• This has been the most studied, and perhaps most controversial, extinction event.
Big debate in the scientific literature in the 1980s – 90s
• Realistic possibilities:
• Sudden sea level or climate change
• Volcanic eruptions
• Meteorite (comet or asteroid, extraterrestrial) impact
Alvarez impact hypothesis

In 1980, a team of researchers consisting of Nobel prize-winning physicist

Luis Alvarez, geologist Walter Alvarez, and chemists Frank Asaro and Helen discovered
that sedimentary layers found all over the world at the K-Pg boundary contain
a concentration of iridium many times greater than normal (30 times the average crustal
content in Italy and 160 times at Stevns on the Danish island of Zealand).
Iridium is extremely rare in the earth's crust because it is a siderophile element, and
therefore most of it sank with iron into the earth‘ core during planetary differentiation.
As iridium remains abundant in most asteroids and comets, the Alvarez team suggested
that an asteroid struck the earth at the time of the K-Pg boundary.
Chicxulub Crater

identified the Chicxulub Crater buried under Chicxulub on the coast of Yucatan, Mexico
as the impact crater which matched the Alvarez hypothesis dating. Identified in 1990
based on the work of Glen Penfield done in 1978, this crater is oval, with an average
diameter of about 180 km (110 mile), about the size calculated by the Alvarez team.
The asteroid landed in a bed of anhydrite (CaSO4) or gypsum (CaSO4·2(H2O)), which
would have ejected large quantities of Sulphur trioxide SO3 that combined with water
to produce a sulfuric acid aerosol.
This would have further reduced the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface and then
over several days, precipitated planet-wide as acid rain, killing vegetation, plankton and
organisms which build shells from calcium carbonate (coccolithophorids and molluscs ).
Deccan Traps
Before 2000, arguments that the Deccan Traps flood basalts caused the extinction were
usually linked to the view that the extinction was gradual, as the flood basalt events were
thought to have started around 68 Ma and lasted for over 2 million years. However, there is
evidence that two-thirds of the Deccan Traps were created within 1 million years about
65.5 Ma, so these eruptions would have caused a fairly rapid extinction, possibly a period of
thousands of years, but still a longer period than what would be expected from a single
impact event.
The Deccan Traps could have caused extinction through several mechanisms, including the
release of dust and sulphuric aerosols into the air which might have blocked sunlight and
thereby reduced photosynthesis in plants.
In addition, Deccan Trap volcanism might have resulted in carbon dioxide emissions which
would have increased the greenhouse effect when the dust and aerosols cleared from the
atmosphere
PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE K-T BOUNDARY

• Land Plants
• Freshwater Communities
Multiple impact event
• Several other craters also appear to have been formed about the time of the K-Pg boundary.
This suggests the possibility of nearly simultaneous multiple impacts, perhaps from a fragmented
Asteroidal object, similar to the Shoemaker-Levy 9 cometary impact with Jupiter.
Among these are the Boltysh crater, a 24-km (15-mi) diameter impact crater in Ukraine (65.17 ±
0.64 Ma); and the Silverpit crater, a 20-km (12-mi) diameter impact crater in the North Sea (60–
65 Ma). Any other craters that might have formed in the Tethys Ocean would have been obscured by
erosion and tectonic events such as the relentless northward drift of Africa and India
• A very large structure in the sea floor off the west coast of India has recently been interpreted as a
crater by some researchers. The potential Shiva crater, 450–600 km (280–370 mil) in diameter, would
substantially exceed Chicxulub in size and has been estimated to be about 66 Mya, an age consistent
with the K-Pg boundary.
An impact at this site could have been the triggering event for the nearby Deccan Traps. However, this
feature has not yet been accepted by the geologic community as an impact crater and may just be a
sinkhole depression caused by salt withdraw
Maastrichtian marine regression

Clear evidence exists that sea levels fell in the final stage of the Cretaceous by more than
at any other time in the Mesozoic era.
In some Maastrichtian stage rock layers from various parts of the world, the later ones
are terrestrial; earlier ones represent shorelines and the earliest represent seabeds.
These layers do not show the tilting and distortion associated with mountain building;
therefore, the likeliest explanation is a regression, that is, a build out of sediment, but not
necessarily a drop in sea level.
A severe regression would have greatly reduced the continental shelf area, which is the
most species-rich part of the sea, and therefore could have been enough to cause
a marine mass extinction. However, research concludes that this change would have
been insufficient to cause the observed level of ammonite extinction. The regression
would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents
and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and therefore increasing global temperatures.
The Cenozoic Era
Global Cooling and Warming Since the Cretaceous
The Paleogene Period
Paleogene is Greek meaning “ancient-born”

The Paleogene Period marks the beginning of the Cenozoic Era (65 – 40 My).
.The Paleogene is made up of three epochs:
• The Paleocene Epoch
• The Eocene Epoch
• The Oligocene Epoch

Each epoch has unique characteristics for climate, geography, plants and animals.
Era Periods Epochs Millions of Years Ago
C Holocene 11,000 yrs ago to present
E Pleistocene 1.8 mya to 11,000 yrs ago
N Neogene Pliocene 5 to 1.8 mya
O Miocene 24 to 5 mya
Z
Oligocene 38 to 24 mya
O
I Eocene 54 to 38 mya
Paleogene
C Paleocene 65 to 54 mya
The Climate of the Paleogene Period
The beginning of the Paleogene Period was very warm and moist
compared to today’s climate.
Much of the earth was tropical or sub-tropical. Palm trees grew as far
north as Greenland.
By the end of the Paleogene, during the Oligocene Epoch, the climate
began to cool
 •Australia separates from Antarctica
•India crashes into Asia-forms Himalayans •Dogs, cats, and pigs
Oligocene
•Antarctica is covered by glaciers •toothed whales
•Sea levels are low
P
a
l
•Bats
e
•Elephant ancestors
o Eocene •Europe and North America separate
•Whales
g
•Eohippus-the first horse
e
n
e
•Europe is joined with North America •The condylarths-ancestors of
•Australia is joined with Antarctica modern hoofed herbivores
Paleocene
•India a land unto itself •Rodents
•Atlantic Ocean is forming •The first Primates
Paleocene Epoch
The Paleocene , the "old recent", is a geologic epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago

The Paleocene is subdivided into three ages and their corresponding rock stages:
• Danian,
• Selandian,
• Thanetian

The Paleocene Epoch is bracketed by two major events in Earth's history. It started with the
mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous. This was a time marked by the demise of
non-avian dinosaurs, giant marine reptiles and much other fauna and flora.
The die-off of the dinosaurs left unfilled ecological niches worldwide.
The Paleocene ended with the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, a geologically brief (~0.2
million year) interval characterized by extreme changes in climate and carbon cycling.

.
Climate
The early Paleocene was cooler and drier than the preceding Cretaceous, though
temperatures rose sharply during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.
The climate became warm and humid worldwide towards the Eocene boundary,
with subtropical vegetation growing in Greenland and Patagonia, crocodilians
swimming off the coast of Greenland, and early primates evolving in the tropical
palm forests of northern Wyoming.
The Earth's poles were cool and temperate; North America, Europe, Australia and
southern South America were warm and temperate; equatorial areas had
tropical climates; and north and south of the equatorial areas, climates were hot
and arid, not dissimilar to today's global desert belts around 30 degrees northern
and southern latitude.
Paleogeography
• During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions.
Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents Europe and
Greenland were still connected, North America and Asia were still intermittently joined by
a land bridge, while Greenland and North America were beginning to separate.
The Laramide orogeny of the late Cretaceous continued to uplift the Rocky Mountains in
the American west, which ended in the succeeding epoch.
• South and North America remained separated by equatorial seas (they joined during
the Neogene); the components of the former southern supercontinent Gondwanaland
continued to split apart, with Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia pulling away
from each other. Africa was heading north towards Europe, slowly closing the Tethys
Ocean, and India began its migration to Asia that would lead to a tectonic collision and
the formation of the Himalayas.
• The inland seas in North America (Western Interior Seaway) and Europe had receded by
the beginning of the Paleocene, making way for new land-based flora and fauna.
Flora & Fauna
In general, the Paleocene is marked by the development of modern plant species. Cacti and Palmtree
appeared. Paleocene and later plant fossils are generally attributed to modern genera or to closely related
taxa.
The warm temperatures worldwide gave rise to thick tropical, sub-tropical and deciduous forest cover
around the globe (the first recognizably modern rain forests) with ice-free polar regions covered with
coniferous and deciduous trees. With no large browsing dinosaurs to thin them,
Flowering plants (angiosperms), first seen in the Cretaceous, continued to develop and proliferate, and
along with them coevolved the insects that fed on these plants and pollinated them.
Mammals of the Paleocene include:
• Monotremes: in the family that includes the platypus, is the only monotreme known from the Paleocene.
• Marsupials: modern kangaroos are marsupials. The Bolivian Pucadelphys andinus and the North
American Peradectes are two Paleocene examples.
• Multituberculates: the only major branch of mammals to become extinct since the K–Pg boundary, this
rodent-like grouping includes the Paleocene Ptilodus.
• Placentals: this grouping of mammals became the most diverse and the most successful. Members
include primates, plesiadapids, proboscideans, and hoofed ungulates, including the condylarths and the
carnivorous mesonychids.
Reptiles
Because of the climatic conditions of the Paleocene, reptiles were more widely distributed
over the globe than at present. Among the sub-tropical reptiles found in North America
during this epoch are champsosaurs (fully aquatic reptiles), crocodilia, soft-shelled turtles,
palaeophid snakes, varanid lizards, and Protochelydra zangerli (similar to modern snapping
turtles)

Birds
Birds began to re-diversify during the epoch, occupying new niches. Genetic studies
suggest that nearly all modern bird clades can trace their origin to this epoch,
with Neornithes having undergone an extremely fast, "star-like" radiation of species in the
early Palaeocene in response to the vacancy of niches left by the KT event.
Large flightless birds have been found in late Paleocene deposits, including the
omnivorous Gastornis in Europe and carnivorous terror birds in South America, the latter
of which survived until the Pleistocene.
In the late Paleocene, early owl types appeared, such as Ogygoptynx in the United States
and Berruornis in France.
EOCENE
The corresponding rocks are referred to as lower, middle, and upper
Eocene.
1. The Ypresia stage constitutes the lower,
2. The Priabonia stage the upper;
3. The Lutetia and Bartonia stages are united as the middle Eocene.
Climate
The Eocene Epoch contained a wide variety of different climate conditions
that includes the warmest climate in the Cenozoic Era and ends in an
icehouse climate.
The evolution of the Eocene climate began with warming after the end of
the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) at 56 million years ago to
a maximum during the Eocene Optimum at around 49 million years ago.
During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller
difference in temperature from the equator to the poles.
Following the maximum was a descent into an icehouse climate from the
Eocene Optimum to the Eocene-Oligocene transition at 34 million years ago.
During this decrease ice began to reappear at the poles, and the Eocene-
Oligocene transition is the period of time where the Antarctic ice
sheet began to rapidly expand.
Palaeogeography
• During the Eocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions.
• At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and
warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing
the heat around the planet and keeping global temperatures high, but when Australia
split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were
routed away from Antarctica. An isolated cold water channel developed between the
two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding
Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and icefloes north, reinforcing the
cooling.
• The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to fragment, as Europe, Greenland and
North America drifted apart.
• In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes
formed in the high flat basins among uplifts, resulting in the deposition of the Green
River Formation lagerstätte.
• At about 35 Ma, an asteroid impact on the eastern coast of North America
formed the Chesapeake Bay impact crater.
• In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally disappeared, while the uplift of the Alps isolated
its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with
island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land
connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since
the faunas of the two regions are very similar.
• India began its collision with Asia, folding to initiate formation the Himalayas.
• It is hypothesized that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global
warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans. The clathrates
were buried beneath mud that was disturbed as the oceans
warmed. Methane (CH4) has ten to twenty times the greenhouse gas effect
of carbon dioxide (CO2).
 Earth’s Major Orogenic Belts

The Circum-Pacific and Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belts,

Earth’s present-day major mountain building belts
The Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt
• Volcanism, seismicity, and deformation in the Alpine-
Himalayan orogenic belt extends eastward from Spain
through the Mediterranean region into Southeast Asia

• The tectonism, due to collision of the Arabian, African and

Indo-Australian plates with the Eurasian plate,
caused closure of
the Tethys sea

Eocene (50–40 Ma

Miocene (25–15 Ma
Flora & Fauna
• At the beginning of the Eocene, the high temperatures and warm oceans created a
moist, balmy environment, with forests spreading throughout the Earth from pole to
pole. Apart from the driest deserts, Earth must have been entirely covered in forests.
• Polar forests were quite extensive. Fossils and even preserved remains of trees such
as swamp cypress and dawn redwood from the Eocene have been found on Ellesmere
Island in the Arctic. Even at that time, Ellesmere Island was only a few degrees in
latitude further south than it is today. Fossils of subtropical and even tropical trees and
plants from the Eocene have also been found in Greenland and Alaska.
Tropical rainforests grew as far north as northern North America and Europe.
• Palm trees were growing as far north as Alaska and northern Europe during the early
Eocene, although they became less abundant as the climate cooled. Dawn redwoods
were far more extensive as well.
• Cooling began mid-period, and by the end of the Eocene continental interiors had
begun to dry out, with forests thinning out considerably in some areas. The newly
evolved grasses were still confined to river banks and lake shores, and had not yet
expanded into plains and savannas.
• The cooling also brought seasonal changes. Deciduous trees, better able to cope
with large temperature changes, began to overtake evergreen tropical species.
By the end of the period, deciduous forests covered large parts of the northern
continents, including North America, Eurasia and the Arctic, and rainforests held on
only in equatorial South America, Africa, India and Australia.
• Antarctica, which began the Eocene fringed with a warm temperate to sub-
tropical rainforest, became much colder as the period progressed; the heat-loving
tropical flora was wiped out, and by the beginning of the Oligocene, the continent
hosted deciduous forests and vast stretches of tundra.
• The oldest known fossils of most of the modern mammal orders appear within a brief period during the
early Eocene.
• At the beginning of the Eocene, several new mammal groups arrived in North America. These modern
mammals, like artiodactyls, perissodactyls and primates, had features like long, thin legs, feet and hands
capable of grasping, as well as differentiated teeth adapted for chewing. Dwarf forms reigned.
• All the members of the new mammal orders were small, under 10 kg; based on comparisons of tooth
size, Eocene mammals were only 60% of the size of the primitive Palaeocene mammals that preceded
them. They were also smaller than the mammals that followed them. It is assumed that the hot Eocene
temperatures favored smaller animals that were better able to manage the heat.
• Reptile fossils from this time, such as fossils of pythons and turtles, are abundant. During the Eocene,
plants and marine faunas became quite modern. Many modern bird orders first appeared in the Eocene.
• Several rich fossil insect faunas are known from the Eocene, notably the Baltic amber found mainly along
the south coast of the Baltic Sea, amber from the Paris Basin, France, the Fur Formation, Denmark and
the Bembridge Marls from the Isle of Wight, England.
• Insects found in Eocene deposits are mostly assignable to modern genera, though frequently these
genera do not occur in the area at present. For instance the bibionid genus Plecia is common in fossil
faunas from presently temperate areas, but only lives in the tropics and subtropics today.
Eocene–Oligocene extinction
• The transition between the end of the Eocene and the beginning of the Oligocene is
marked by large-scale extinction and floral and faunal turnover (although minor in
comparison to the largest mass extinctions). Most of the affected organisms were marine
or aquatic in nature. They included the last of the ancient cetaceans, the Archaeoceti.
• This was a time of major climatic change, especially cooling, not obviously linked with
any single major impact or any catastrophic volcanic event.
• One cause of the extinction event is speculated to be extended volcanic activity. Another
speculation is that the extinctions are related to several large meteorite impacts that
occurred about this time. One such event caused the Chesapeake Bay impact
crater (40 km), and another at the Popigai crater (100 km) of central Siberia, scattering
debris perhaps as far as Europe. New dating of the Popigai meteor suggests it may be a
cause of the mass extinction.
• A leading scientific theory on climate cooling at this time is decrease in
atmospheric carbon dioxide, which slowly declined in the mid to late Eocene and
possibly reached some threshold approximately 34 million years ago. This boundary is
closely linked with the Oligocene Oi-1 event, an oxygen isotope excursion that marks the
beginning of ice sheet coverage on Antarctica.
 Oligocene
• The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9
million to 23 million years before the present. As with other older geologic periods, the
rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and
end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The name Oligocene comes from the Ancient
Greek olígos, "few") and kainós, "new"), and refers to the sparsity of extant forms
of molluscs.
• The Oligocene is the third and final epoch of the Paleogene Period
• The Oligocene is often considered an important time of transition, a link between the
archaic world of the tropical Eocene and the more modern ecosystems of the Miocene.
Major changes during the Oligocene included a global expansion of grasslands, and a
regression of tropical broad leaf forests to the equatorial belt.
• The start of the Oligocene is marked by a notable extinction event called the Grande
Coupure; it featured the replacement of European fauna with Asian fauna, except for
the endemic rodent and marsupial families. By contrast, the Oligocene–Miocene
boundary is not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional
boundaries between the warmer late Oligocene and the relatively cooler Miocene.
Oligocene faunal stages from youngest to oldest are:
Chattian or late Oligocene (28.1 – 23.03 mya)
Rupelian or early Oligocene (33.9 – 28.1 mya)
Climate
• The Paleogene Period general temperature decline is interrupted by an
Oligocene 7-million-year stepwise climate change.
• A deeper 8.2 °C, 400,000-year temperature depression leads the 2 °C,
seven-million-year stepwise climate change 33.5 Ma (million years ago).
The stepwise climate change began 32.5 Ma and lasted through to 25.5
Ma, as depicted in the PaleoTemps chart. The Oligocene climate change
was a global increase in ice volume and a 55 m (181 feet) decrease in sea
level (35.7–33.5 Ma) with a closely related (25.5–32.5 Ma) temperature
depression.
• The 7-million-year depression abruptly terminated within 1–2 million years
of the La Garita Caldera eruption at 28–26 Ma. A deep 400,000-year
glaciated Oligocene Miocene boundary event is recorded at McMurdo
Sound and King George Island.
Paleogeography
• During this epoch, the continents continued to drift toward their present
positions. Antarctica became more isolated and finally developed an ice cap.
• Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to
rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian
plate, isolating the remnants of the Tethys Sea.
• A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. Marine fossils
from the Oligocene are rare in North America. There appears to have been a
land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe, since
the faunas of the two regions are very similar.
• Sometime during the Oligocene, South America was finally detached
from Antarctica and drifted north towards North America. It also allowed
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the Antarctic
continent.
Flora & Fauna
• Angiosperms continued their expansion throughout the world as tropical and sub-
tropical forests were replaced by temperate deciduous forests.
Open plains and deserts became more common and grasses expanded from their
water-bank habitat in the Eocene moving out into open tracts. However, even at
the end of the period, grass was not quite common enough for modern savannas.
• In North America, subtropical species dominated with cashews and lychee trees
present, and temperate trees such as roses, beeches, and pines were common.
The legumes spread, while sedges, bulrushes, and ferns continued their ascent.
• The Oligocene was home to a wide variety of strange mammals. The marine
animals of Oligocene oceans resembled today's fauna, such as the bivalves.
Calcareous cirratulids appeared in the Oligocene. The fossil record of marine
mammals is a little spotty during this time, and not as well known as the Eocene or
Miocene, but some fossils have been found.
INDONESIA
Periode Kapur Akhir – Paleosen
• Fase tektonik awal terjadi pada Mesozoikum ketika pergerakan Lempeng Indo-Australia ke arah
timurlaut menghasilkan subduksi dibawah Sunda Microplate sepanjang suture Karangsambung-
Meratus, dan diikuti oleh fase regangan (rifting phase) selama Paleogen dengan pembentukan
serangkaian horst (tinggian) dan graben (rendahan).
• Aktivitas magmatik Kapur Akhir dapat diikuti menerus dari Timurlaut Sumatra – Jawa –
Kalimantan Tenggara. Pembentukan cekungan depan busur (fore arc basin) berkembang di
daerah selatan Jawa Barat dan Serayu Selatan di Jawa Tengah.
• Mendekati Kapur Akhir – Paleosen, fragmen benua yang terpisah dari Gondwana, mendekati
zona subduksi Karangsambung-Meratus. Kehadiran allochthonous microcontinents di wilayah
Asia Tenggara telah dilaporkan oleh banyak penulis (Metcalfe, 1996).
• Basement bersifat kontinental yang terletak di sebelah timur zona subduksi Karangsambung-
Meratus dan yang mengalasi Selat Makasar teridentifikasi di Sumur Rubah-1 (Conoco, 1977)
berupa granit pada kedalaman 5056 kaki, sementara didekatnya Sumur Taka Talu-1 menembus
basement diorit.
• Docking (merapatnya) fragmen mikrokontinen pada bagian tepi timur Sundaland menyebabkan
matinya zona subduksi Karangsambung-Meratus dan terangkat-nya zona subduksi tersebut
menghasilkan Pegunungan Meratus
Periode Eosen (Periode Ekstensional /Regangan)

• Antara 54 jtl – 45 jtl (Eosen), di wilayah Lautan Hindia terjadi reorganisasi lempeng
ditandai dengan berkurangnya secara mencolok kecepatan pergerakan ke utara India.
• Aktifitas pemekaran di sepanjang Wharton Ridge berhenti atau mati tidak lama setelah
pembentukan anomali 19 (atau 45 jtl).
• Berkurangnya secara mencolok gerak India ke utara dan matinya Wharton Ridge ini
diinterpretasikan sebagai pertanda kontak pertama Benua India dengan zona subduksi di
selatan Asia dan menyebabkan terjadinya tektonik regangan (extension tectonics) di
sebagian besar wilayah Asia Tenggara yang ditandai dengan pembentukan cekungan-
cekungan utama (Cekungan-cekungan: Natuna, Sumatra, Sunda, Jawa Timur, Barito, dan
Kutai) dan endapannya dikenal sebagai endapan syn-rift.
• Pelamparan extension tectonics ini berasosiasi dengan pergerakan sepanjang sesar
regional yang telah ada sebelumnya dalam fragmen mikrokontinen.
• Konfigurasi struktur basement mempengaruhi arah cekungan syn-rift Paleogen di
wilayah tepian tenggara Sundaland (Sumatra, Jawa, dan Kalimantan Tenggara)
 Periode Oligosen Tengah (Kompresional – Terbentuknya OAF)
• Sebagian besar bagian atas sedimen Eosen Akhir memiliki kontak tidak selaras dengan satuan
batuan di atasnya yang berumur Oligosen.
• Di daerah Karangsambung batuan Oligosen diwakili oleh Formasi Totogan yang kontaknya
dengan satuan batuan lebih tua menunjukkan ada yang selaras dan tidak selaras. Di daerah
Karangsambung selatan batas antara Formasi Karangsambung dan Formasi Totogan sulit
ditentukan dan diperkirakan berangsur, sedangkan ke arah utara Formasi Totogan ada yang
langsung kontak secara tidak selaras dengan batuan dasar Komplek Melange Luk Ulo.
• Di daerah Nanggulan kontak ketidakselarasan terdapat diantara Anggota Seputih yang berumur
Eosen Akhir dengan satuan breksi volkanik Formasi Kaligesing yang berumur Oligosen Tengah.
Demikian pula di daerah Bayat, bagian atas Formasi Wungkal-Gamping yang berumur Eosen
Akhir. Tanda-tanda ketidak selarasan ditunjukkan oleh terdapatnya fragmen-fragmen batuan
Eosen di sekuen bagian bawah Formasi Kebobutak yang berumur Oligosen Akhir.
• Ketidakselarasan di Nanggulan dan Bayat merupakan ketidakselarasan menyudut yang
diakibatkan oleh deformasi tektonik yang sama yang menyebabkan terdeformasinya Formasi
Karangsambung. Akibat deformasi ini di daerah Cekungan Jawa Timur tidak jelas teramati karena
endapan Eosen Formasi Ngimbang disini pada umumnya selaras dengan endapan Oligosen
Formasi Kujung.
• Deformasi ini kemungkinan juga berkaitan dengan pergerakan ke utara Benua Australia.
Ketika Wharton Ridge masih aktif Benua Australia bergerak ke utara sangat lambat.
Setelah matinya pusat pemekaran Wharton pada 45 jt, India dan Australia berada pada
satu lempeng tunggal dan bersama-sama bergerak ke utara.
• Pergerakan Australia ke utara menjadi lebih cepat dibanding ketika Wharton Ridge masih
aktif. Bertambahnya kecepatan ini meningkatkan laju kecepatan penunjaman Lempeng
Samudera Hindia di Palung Jawa dan mendorong ke arah barat, sepanjang sesar mendatar
yang keberadaannya diperkirakan, Mikrokontinen Jawa Timur sehingga terjadi efek
kompresional di daerah Karangsambung yang mengakibatkan terdeformasinya Formasi
Karangsambung serta terlipatnya Formasi Nanggulan dan Formasi Wungkal-Gamping di
Bayat.
• Meningkatnya laju pergerakan ke utara Benua Australia diperkirakan masih berlangsung
sampai Oligosen Tengah. Peristiwa ini memicu aktifitas volkanisme yang kemungkinan
berkaitan erat dengan munculnya zona gunungapi di bagian selatan Jawa (OAF=Old
Andesite Formation) yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Zona Pegunungan Selatan. Aktifitas
volkanisme ini tidak menjangkau wilayah Jawa bagian utara dimana pengendapan
karbonat dan silisiklastik menerus di daerah ini
POTENSI EKONOMI
• Batu bara
• Batuan induk Minyak dan gas bumi
Ciri-ciri endapan Paleogen adalah:
1. Penyebaran terbatas (oleh graben)
2. Pengendapan bersamaan dengan aktivitas tektonik
3. Ketebalan bervariasi dan banyak lapisan
4. Selalu berkaitan dengan busur vulkanik
5. Hampir semua Autochton
6. Endapan tersusun oleh matriks lempung dan bongkah-
bongkahbatugamping numulit, batupasir kasar - sangat kasar, serta
konglomerat.
7.Diendapkan sedimen-sedimen regresif cekungan sedang
mengalamipengangkatan dan inversi.8.Pengendapan sebelum transgresi
Sampai minggu depan