WORKOVER & WELL SERVICES

1. Geologic Considerations in Production Operations

2. Reservoir Considerations in Well Completions
THE ROLE OF GEOLOGY
 Geologic Studies have provided significant data for the finding, development
and operation of Oil and Gas Reservoirs, more than 125 years.
 Isopachs, Structure maps, Isobaric maps, Core, Log Information, Production tests,
etc….
 Prediction of the vertical and horizontal continuity of Porosity and Permeability
beyond the wellbore
 Pressure drawdown tests may help determine Reservoir Limits.
 Interdisciplinary teams approach in reservoir evaluation, for better understanding
of the quality, Permeability distribution and continuity of specific reservoirs and
their contained fluids.
 The result has been increased Oil recovery for a number of reservoirs from the 30-
40% range to 50-80%
 Aim: is to Highlight Geologic Technology useful in solving production problems
and to present several case studies to ilustrate the value of improved Reservoir
Description for both Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs
Interrelated Geologic and Engineering
Activities in Reservoir Description

 TYPE OF GEOLOGIC ACTIVITY

 ROCK STUDIES (Lithology, Depositional Origin, Reservoir Rock Types)
 FRAMEWORK STUDIES (Structure, Continuity, Gross Thickness Trends)
 RESERVOIR QUALITY STUDIES (Quality Profiles, reservoir Zonation, Net Thicknees
Trends)
 INTEGRATION STUDIES (Pore Volume, Transmissibility)
 EXAMPLES OF INTERPLAY OF EFFORT
 CORE ANALYSIS
 WELL TESTING
 PRESSURE PRODUCTION HISTORY MATCH
Traps for Oil and Gas Accumulation
 Three prerequisites to a comercial accumulation of oil and gas are:
 SOURCE ROCK
 POROUS AND PERMEABLE CONTAINER ROCK
 IMPERMEABLE CAPROCK OR SEAL

 Anticlinal structure
 Structural trap
 Unconformity
 Salt domes
 Sandstone bar
 Limestone Reef
SANSTONE RESERVOIRS
 Most Oil and Gas production from sandstone is derived from deposits
originating from river-borne sediments
 DELTA COMPLEX
 DEEP MARINE DEPOSITS
 WIND DEPOSIT DUNE

 Porosity and Permeability

CARBONATE RESERVOIRS
 Are ususally laid down as calcium carbonate (CaCO3), Originating from
mixture of ground-up shells and excrement of marine organisms
 Limestone and granular particles, Fine matrix and cementing material
 The matrix is usually Calcereous mud containing clay-size calcite particles

 Carbonate porosity
RESERVOIR CONSIDERATIONS IN WELL
COMPLETIONS
 “A Prudently planned initial well completion program is the first and most
important step in obtaining satisfactory producing well life to obtain near
máximum recovery with mínimum well workover”
 “An optimum initial well completion program must consider geologic and
fluid conditions ocurring in the reservoir at time of Discovery, plus changes
in fluid saturations adjacent to the well as fluids are produced.”
 Where to complete the well?
 How to complete the well?

 AIM: Briefly consider the characteristics of reservoir fluids and the flow of those
fluids in the área around the wellbore, in order to tie these parameters into well
completion, workover and stimulation operations
 Hidrocarbon properties of Oil and Gas
 Hydrogen and carbón in various ways and proportions
 Components: Grouped chemically (Parafinic, Aromatic)
 Phases: Solid, Liquid, gas
 Phase Behavior
 GAS

 POROSITY
 PERMEABILITY (K: Darcy´s law)
 WETTABILITY
 Most reservoir rocks are considered to be water wet. The grains of the rock matrix
are coated with a film of wáter, permitting hydrocarbons to fill the center of the
pore spaces.
 From the standpoint of well completions, stimulation and workover operations it is
importan to realice that the wettability characteristics of the rock near the well
bore can be unfavorably altered by fluis placed in contact with the rock

 FLUID FLOW IN THE RESERVOIR

 Pressure distribution around the wellbore
 Radial flow around the wellbore
 Linear flow through perforations
 Damage ratio = J ideal/J actual
 Flow Efficiency = J actual/J ideal
EFFECTS OF RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
ON WELL COMPLETIONS
 Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
 Dissolved gas Drive
 Gas Drive
 Water Drive

 The Development program should be based on reservoir considerations and

conditions, rather tan on Surface conditions or on some arbitrary grid pattern.
Detailed Knowledge of the Geology of the reservoir and its depositional
environment is the key to an effective development plan.
EFFECTS OF RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
ON WELL COMPLETIONS
EFFECTS OF RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
ON WELL COMPLETIONS
EFFECTS OF RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
ON WELL COMPLETIONS