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Chapter 4 Permeability
Chapter 4 Permeability
Rocks
Water Movement in Soil and
Rocks
Two Principles to Remember:
Water Movement in Soil and
Rocks
Two Principles to Remember:
1. Darcy’s Law
Water Movement in Soil and
Rocks
Two Principles to Remember:
1. Darcy’s Law
2. Continuity Equation:
mass in = mass out + change in storage
“my name’s
Bubba!”
Water Movement in Soil and Rocks
I. Critical in Engineering and Environmental Geology
A. Dams, Reservoirs, Levees, etc.
“ Pore Pressure”
Water Movement in Soil and Rocks
I. Critical in Engineering and Environmental Geology
A. Dams, Reservoirs, Levees, etc.
B. Groundwater Contamination
Porosity Permeability
II. Water Flow in a Porous Medium
A. Goal: Determine the permeability of the
engineering material
Porosity Permeability
Porosity (def) % of Permeability (def) the ease at
total rock that is which water can move through
occupied by voids. rock or soil
II. Water Flow in a Porous Medium
B. The Bernoulli Equation
A Demonstration:
II. Water Flow in a Porous Medium
B. The Bernoulli Equation
A Demonstration:
Bernoulli's Principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases,
the pressure within the fluid decreases.
As per Bernoulli's equation, the total head at any point in water under
steady flow condition may be expressed as:
For all practical purposes the velocity head is a small quantity and may be
neglected. The loss of head of h units is effected as the water flows from A to B.
The loss of head per unit length of flow may be expressed as:
i = h/L
h = v2/2g + z + P/ρg
h = v2/2g + z + P/ρg
h= v2/2g + z + P/g
At a place where g = 9.80 m/s2, the fluid pressure is 1500 N/m2, the distance
above a reference elevation is 0.75 m, and the fluid density is 1.02 х 103 kg/m3 .
The fluid is moving at a velocity of 1 х10-6 m/s.
Find the hydraulic head at this point.
h= v2/2g + z + P/g
h= v2/2g + z + P/g
h = v2/2g + z + P/ρg
K
II. Water Flow in a Porous Medium
C. Darcy‘s Law
2. The results
• unit discharge α permeability
• unit discharge α head loss
• unit discharge α hydraulic gradient
Also…..
II. Water Flow in a Porous Medium
C. Darcy‘s Law
2. The equation
v = Ki
II. Water Flow in a Porous Medium
C. Darcy‘s Law
2. The equation
v = Ki
where v = specific discharge (discharge per
cross sectional area) (L/T)
* also called the Darcy Velocity
* function of the porous medium and
fluid
Darcy’s Law:
v = Ki
where v = specific discharge (discharge per unit area)
(L/T)
K = hydraulic conductivity (L/T); also referred
to as coefficient of permeability
i = hydraulic gradient, where
i = dh/dl (unitless variable)
Darcy’s Law:
v = Ki
where v = specific discharge (discharge per unit area)
(L/T)
K = hydraulic conductivity (L/T); also referred
to as coefficient of permeability
i = hydraulic gradient, where
i = dh/dl (unitless variable)
Darcy’s Law:
v = Ki
where v = specific discharge (discharge per unit area)
(L/T)
K = hydraulic conductivity (L/T); also referred
to as coefficient of permeability
i = hydraulic gradient, where
i = dh/dl (unitless variable)
v = K dh
dl
Darcy’s Law:
v = Ki
where v = specific discharge (discharge per unit area)
(L/T)
K = hydraulic conductivity (L/T); also referred
to as coefficient of permeability
i = hydraulic gradient, where
i = dh/dl (unitless variable)
v = K dh
dl
If Q = VA, then
Q = A K dh
dl
Darcy’s Law:
Vs.
Darcy’s Law:
K = 1* 10-4 cm/s
dh = 1.0
dl = 100
Area = 75 cm2
Effective Porosity = 0.22
Find the specific discharge and average linear velocity of a pipe filled with sand with
the following measurements.
K = 1* 10-4 cm/s
dh = 1.0
dl = 100
Area = 75 cm2
Effective Porosity = 0.22
VL =-Kdh V =-Kdh
nedl dl
V = 1 * 10-6 cm/sec
VL = 4.55 * 10-6 cm/sec
Equation assumes ‘Laminar Flow’; which is usually the case for flow
through soils.
C. Darcy‘s Law
4. Some Representative Values for Hydraulic Conductivity
Hydraulic conductivity of some soils
METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC
CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS
• Methods that are in common use for determining
the coefficient of permeability k can be classified
under laboratory and field methods.
• Laboratory methods:
– Constant head permeability method
– Falling head permeability method
• Field methods:
– Pumping tests
– Bore hole tests
• Indirect Method:
– Empirical correlations
II. Water Flow in a Porous Medium
D. Laboratory Determination of Permeability
II. Water Flow in a Porous Medium
D. Laboratory Determination of Permeability
1. Constant Head Permeameter
Q = A K dh Q* dl= K
dl A dh
Example Problem:
Given:
•Soil 6 inches diameter, 8 inches thick.
•Hydraulic head = 16 inches
•Flow of water = 766 lbs for 4 hrs, 15 minutes
•Unit weight of water = 62.4 lbs/ft3
Q = A K dh Q* dl= K
dl A dh
Example Problem:
Q* dl= K
A dh
Example Problem:
Q* dl= K
A dh
II. Water Flow in a Porous Medium
D. Laboratory Determination of Permeability
2. Falling Head Permeameter
K = r2 ln(L/R)
2LT0.37
Where:
r = radius of well
R = radius of bore hole
L = length of screened section
T0.37 = the time it take for the water
level to rise or fall to 37% of the
initial change
Example Problem:
A slug test is performed by injecting water into a
piezometer finished in coarse sand. The inside diameter of
both the well screen and well casing is 2 inches. The well
screen is 10 feet in length. The data of the well recovery is
shown below. Determine K from this test.
K = r2 ln(L/R)
2LT0.37
Where:
r = radius of well
R = radius of bore hole (well casing)
L = length of screened section
T0.37 = the time it take for the water
level to rise or fall to 37% of the
initial change
Hzorslev Method
Time
since
Injecti
on
(sec) H (ft) h/ho
1
0 0.88 1.000
1 0.6 0.682
2 0.38 0.432
3 0.21 0.239
h/ho
0.1
4 0.12 0.136
5 0.06 0.068
6 0.04 0.045
7 0.02 0.023
8 0.01 0.011 0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.1
0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tim e (s)
Example Problem:
A slug test is performed by injecting water into a
piezometer finished in coarse sand. The inside diameter of
both the well screen and well casing is 2 inches. The well
screen is 10 feet in length. The data of the well recovery is
shown below. Determine K from this test.
K = r2 ln(L/R)
2LT0.37
Where:
r = radius of well
R = radius of bore hole (well casing)
L = length of screened section
T0.37 = the time it take for the water
level to rise or fall to 37% of the
initial change
Example Problem:
A slug test is performed by injecting water into a
piezometer finished in coarse sand. The inside diameter of
both the well screen and well casing is 2 inches. The well
screen is 10 feet in length. The data of the well recovery is
shown below. Determine K from this test.
K = r2 ln(L/R)
2LT0.37
Where:
r = radius of well
R = radius of bore hole (well casing)
L = length of screened section
T0.37 = the time it take for the water
level to rise or fall to 37% of the
initial change
Example Problem:
A slug test is performed by injecting water into a
piezometer finished in coarse sand. The inside diameter of
both the well screen and well casing is 2 inches. The well
screen is 10 feet in length. The data of the well recovery is
shown below. Determine K from this test.
K = r2 ln(L/R)
2LT0.37
K = 62.0 ft/day
Where:
r = radius of well
R = radius of bore hole (well casing)
L = length of screened section
T0.37 = the time it take for the water
level to rise or fall to 37% of the
initial change
E. Field Methods for Determining Permeability
4. Pump Test
also referred to as the Thiem Method
K = Q* ln(r1/r2)
π(h12 – h22)
K = Q* ln(r1/r2)
π(h12 – h22)
III. Flow Nets
III. Flow Nets
A. Overview
• one of the most powerful tools for the analysis
of groundwater flow.
• provides a solution to the Continuity Equation
for 2-D, steady state, boundary value problem.
III. Flow Nets
A. Overview
• one of the most powerful tools for the analysis
of groundwater flow.
• provides a solution to the Continuity Equation
for 2-D, steady state, boundary value problem.
d2h + d2h = 0 gives the rate of change of
dx2 dy2 h in 2 dimensions
Continuity Equation:
mass in = mass out + change in storage
• Composed of 2 sets of lines
– equipotential lines (connect points of equal
hydraulic head)
– flow lines (pathways of water as it moves
through the aquifer.
d2h + d2h = 0 gives the rate of change of
dx2 dy2 h in 2 dimensions
FLOW NETS
III. Flow Nets
B. To solve, need to know:
– have knowledge of the region of flow
– boundary conditions along the perimeter of the
region
– spatial distribution of hydraulic head in region.
Q’ = Kph
f
Where:
Q’ = Discharge per unit depth of
flow net (L3/t/L)
K = Hydraulic Conductivity (L/t)
p = number of flow tubes
h = head loss (L)
f = number of equipotential drops
32 m 50 m
Q’ = Kph
f
Where:
Q’ = Discharge per unit depth of flow net (L3/t/L)
K = Hydraulic Conductivity (L/t) = 1 * 10-4 m/s
p = number of flow tubes
h = head loss (L)
f = number of equipotential drops
32 m 50 m
Where:
Q’ = Discharge per unit depth of flow net (L3/t/L)
K = Hydraulic Conductivity (L/t) = 1 * 10-4 m/s
p = number of flow tubes = 5
h = head loss (L) = 18 m
f = number of equipotential drops = 9
Derivations
• These are extra slides in the case you
want to see how the equations are
created, or derived…..
K = Q* ln(r2/r1)
π*(h22 – h12)