Assalam u Alaikum mein Junaid Arif hun and today Im residing with the law proposed

by Sir Henry Darcy

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But just as we will proceed with the work of Henry Darcy we may as well introduce

ourselves with the fellow two pioneers of the same field of geotechnics. At first we

have Marie Posille who proposed us with the characteristic change in velocity in fluids.

And second we have Daniel Bernoulli who had described us the particular heads namely

pressure velocity and elevation head that governs flow as well as the inclusive energy

losses

And finally we have Henry Darcy who had described the characteristics of flow

through porous medium

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He was commissioned by the city of Dijon to find a solution for cleaning the city’s

water supply that was contaminated by the waste of mustard industry.

In 1855 and 1856’ Darcy in search of suitable filtering media, conducted experiments

with sand packed filters that established what has been known as Darcy’s Law; it has

since been generalized to a variety of situations and is in widespread use today.

The unit of permeability, Darcy is named in honor of his work.

MAJOR GOVERNING UNIT IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

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Presence of void doesn’t guarantees the possibility of permeability until or unless there

are channels of inter-connected pores (void) in soil

In coarse grain soil > Permeability high (voids are interconnected)

In fine grain Soil > Permeability low (voids are not interconnected)

According to Bernoulli’s equation:

TH = PH + VH + EH (in case of Pipe flow)

TH = PH + VH + EH (in case of Void flow)

Because discharge is comparably less hence velocity head is not counted

Only pressure and elevation head is counted for total head

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So using what we have gained from Bernoulli’s equation & applying

It in the case of the diagram drawn here

For reference level A and B: With the help of piezometer and datum line the pressure and

elevation head is known and therefore mentioned in the given two equation

Since total head at A is greater than B and also that water will always flow from high

head to low head IT only ACTS otherwise if there is added any external energy

So head loss is what causes the water to flow in this figure

i-e ∆ H = THA - THB --------- (Head Loss)

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A new term corresponding to the distance L covered by water in soil here is introduced

Hydraulic Gradient denoted by “I”

i = ∆ H / L

In case of hydraulic gradient being zero (if head loss = 0) there will be no flow of

water hence velocity will be zero

∆ H = 0, i =0, v =0

Furthermore,
If there is a gain in head loss consequently we get increments in the hydraulic gradient

and Velocity gradient, this nature in real life and can be observed and CLICK

if plotted on graph we ll have a flow behaviour of three zones first as where the flow

is laminar so the relationship of Velocity and hydraulic gradient is linear. It gets

partially and fully uncertain as we observe in the zones of transition and turbulent flow

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This complete observational study was done by Henry Darcy

For the first zone (laminar zone) here he proposed a Law named as

Darcy’s Law:

According to Darcy in the first zone

v α i

v = Ki

Here K is “co efficient of permeability” (m/s)

In coarse grain soil > K high (voids are interconnected)

In fine grain Soil > K low (voids are not interconnected)

Validity of this law is only in the case of soil which follows laminar flow for (say)

water

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 coarse slits and fine Sands

 Gravel (through gravel water flows with high velocity leading to turbulent flow)

and also Clay (where permeability is low and water holding capacity is high)

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One thing we have not undermined here is that so far the velocity mention is the

supposedly the discharge velocity which flows through the total cross sectional Area of

the porous medium

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Our interest is majorly towards calculating the seepage velocity and not the discharge

velocity

Recalling the continuity equation

A1 × v1 = A2 × v2

Where A is the cross sectional area and v is the discharge velocity and A2 becomes the

area of pores as Ap and V2 becomes the Seepage velocity as Vs

Siding the equation for seepage velocity we get

vs = "A . v" /"Ap"

Multiplying and dividing Area units by L we get volume units highlighted as V/Vp

multiplied by discharge velocity

Since the ratio of porous volume to total volume gives the porosity unit hence the

seepage velocity can now be derived and the ratio of discharge velocity to porosity

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And Darcy’s equation in terms of Seepage velocity is written as Vs = K 0 into hydraulic

gradient

Where K0 is the co-efficient of percolation