REGION 9:

LATIN
AMERICA
 GROUP MEMBERS
MUHAMMAD AZRI BIN
IRFAN BIN TAUFIK MOHMAD NAZARI
2018424808 2018287134
LATIN
AMERICA
Atacama Desert • World driest desert
• largest Supply of Sodium Nitrate in the World
• Have extreme temperature
Amazon Rainforest • One of the largest rainforest in the world
• Provide a biggest home to wildlife
• Contain a thousand secret which are not yet
discovered by human
Amazon river
• The amazon river supply 20% of
freshwater in the world
• World largest river system
• 30% home to flora and fauna in the world
Mountain Andes • The second highest mountain in the world
• The widest mountain in the world
• Active volcano eruption
1.0 INTRODUCTION
 Latin America countries have country which gap between high to low
income,depent on single economic product to multiple economic product
 In early 2000,several countries such Brazil,South America, and Northern
Andes were rising out from extreme poverty into high level economic
activity
 In Latin America,Its contain the 2nd highest mountain in the world,Andes
Mountain and the largest river system in the world,Amazon River
 Amazon tropical Rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest based on from
one of the world driest desert,Atacama desert
 Latin America also contain material wealthiest country and material
poorest country.
1.1CLIMATE

HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE

SEMI-ARID CLIMATE
TROPICAL SAVANNAH
CLIMATE
1.1.1HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE
i. Areas that have rainy winters and hot, humid
summer.
ii. Contains a little hot and sticky in summer.
iii. Temperature rarely dropping below 6-7c in
winter and topping to 30c in summer.
iv. Location: Parts of Paraguay, Uruguay and
Southern Brazil.
1.1.2 SEMI-ARID CLIMATE
i. Areas that generally dry and with some rain.
ii. Vast, grass-covered plains are often found in
such climates. Desert shrubs also grow in this
region.
iii. Temperature is between 18 to -3c.
iv. Location: Mexico, Uruguay, Argentina and
Brazil.
1.1.3 OCEANIC BOREAL CLIMATE
 The name itself refers to a place near the oceanic part of a country.
 Locations :
- Southern part of Chile
 Oceanic climates are defined as having a monthly mean temperature
below 25°C in the warmest month, and average 7 °C and below in the
coldest month
 The precipitation is adequate at 40 mm for most of the year, and least on
the winter months, average to 25 mm.
 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
IN LATIN AMERICA
• 2.1 AIR POLLUTION AND OIL POLLUTION
• 2.2 DEFORESTRATION
• 2.3 DISEASES
• 2.4 NATURAL DISASTER:EARTHQUAKE
 2.1 AIR AND OIL POLLUTION
• Huge population in Mexico City creates many cars user
which contribute to air pollution.
• Mexico City is the second most populated city in world,
First is Tokyo.
• The Sierra Madre mountains surround city and trap in
polluted air.
• In Latin America there is a country name Venezuela is
one of world oil producer.
• In results, its creates toxic waste, oil spill and air pollution
because of weak authorities government on the
enforcement law.
2.2 DEFORESTATION
• In 1950,the Brazilian government
began building major highway system
which open rainforest to loggers
• As population increase, forest being
cut for living place and to creates
farms.
• This also contribute to soil erosion.
2.3 DISEASES
• Disease can be transmitted through
water such cholera, typhoid fever,
giardia, and hepatitis.
• Human sewage, animals waste and
manure cause bacterial blooms. In
agricultural regions, large amounts of
fertilizer runoff into the streams. Its
contribute to the diseases
• Cholera broke out in Peru and began to
spread to other South American
Countries.
2.4 NATURAL DISASTER:EARTHQUAKE
• Uneven and sometimes can’t be predict by the
government even by the developed country.
• Major earthquake happen in South America,
especially in edge of RING OF FIRE.
• result tsunami that crash Country Such As Chile and
Peru and spread to Pacific Ocean such as
Hawaii,Philipines and Japan
• A 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck
Pedernales,Ecuador on 16 April 2016
• The largest earthquake in Ecuador was in 1979
which kill at least 272 people.
 3.0 HISTORY
CULTURE OF RACE
3.1.1 THE MAYA
3.1.2 THE AZTEC 3.2COLONIZATION
3.1.3 THE INCA 3.2.1 SPANISH COLONIZE
AND CONTROL
3.3.2 PORTUGESE
COLONIZE
3.3.3 OTHER EUROPEAN
COLONIZE
3.4INDEPENDENCE
3.4.1 INDEPENDENCE FROM
SPAIN
3.4.2 INDEPENDENCE(BRAZIL)
 3.1.1 THE MAYA
• Florished from AD 200’s to 900.
• Organized in city state,florished with abundant food
supply,construction of modern structures,contain religious and
royal society and have art and science art work.
• Also conducted trade,athlelic compete and marital union
• Mainly located at southern Mexico,Peten Guatemala,part of
Belize and El Salvador and western Hondorus
• Face natural disaster such as drought,place increase burdens
for food and etc.
• Builds many pyramid in their era.
 3.1.2 THE AZTEC
• In 1100’s theres a group of tribe settled in modern Mexico.
• By 1325,Aztec dominated the religion with hieracy society.,in an
urban capital of Tenochtitlan.
• Governed by one king from one capital
• Built on marshland and lakeshore of Central valley Mexico
• Builds and contributed many ancient technologies
• By 1400’s Aztec control empire in Middle America and gather
wealthy resources in their capital
• They conquer city,used human(slavery) and natural resources to
achieve their conquest.
• This fueled widespread animosity toward the leadership.
• By 1500’s,Spanish reach Mexico and topple the Leader and transform
Aztec florish lands to one suit the glory and mission of Spain
• The Spain used the animosisty(propaganda),power by the native to
ovethrow the Aztec Leader.

Pyriamid of Aztecs
 3.1.3 THE INCA
• The Inca form strong society in southern part of Peru
• Early 1400 and 1500s,Inca were expand to become a large force.
• Established connected road running,territory,military and social order.
• Built a road network of more than 40,000km
• Terraced agriculture for mountain farming are created.
• Ruled empire funtion form hieracy system of noble leadership believe that
offspring of Sun God.
• All resources of controlled territory were considered to be property of Inca
Leaders.
• Official language of Inca people are Quechua.
• The language widely spoken today among natives people of Bolivia,Ecuador
and Peru.
3.2 SPANISH COLONIZATION
 Christopher Columbus embarked from Spain in 1942 on the first of four trans-Atlantic voyages across the parts of
Caribbean islands, east coast of Central America and coastal waters of the northeastern South America
 Spanish military and missionary soon followed.
 Most of the regions in the areas were conquered and occupied
 Spain and Portugal then signed Treaty of Tordesillas in 1492, that established a demarcation line between their global
spheres of interest, giving the eastern quarter of South America to Portugal
 1510, the initial Spanish occupation centered on the large Caribbean islands of Cuba and Hispaniola.
 1519, Inspired by the tales of gold and Silver and other vast riches, Hernan Cortes led a group of conquistador on an
expedition to the heart of the Aztec empire
 1521, due to the advanced weaponries and numerous Aztec’s leaders enemies, the land of Aztec fell to the hand of
Spanish and established the capital as the core of Spanish colonial America.
 1535, Spanish viceroy began to govern the colony of New Spain.
 They then claimed the remainder of Mexico and Central America, northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, and
Caribbean islands such as Jamaica and Trinidad.
 1532, Spain captured the Inca Empire capital, Cuzco by the small Spanish force.
 Their expedition in the 1530’s did not lead to material occupation or integration into Spain’s colonial
system until much later.
 The Spaniards conquered most of the region and imposed a high degree of control on their colony of
New Spain by establishing an oppressive system of agricultural production and tightly connected urban
settlements and ports.
 The natives were suppressed by the Spaniard, forced to give up their subsistence agricultural practices to
provide crops and livestock for the food needs of the foreign city dwellers.
 Mining settlements in the Andes Mountains used various forms of slavery to coerce the locals.
 Many of the indigenous populations died due to the suppression and lack of immunity to the European
diseases.
 In the 16th century, a feudal system called ecomienda system was applied and continue throughout the
Spaniard colonies for more than 200 years.
ECOMIENDA SYSTEM : An exchanging system between gold, metal or agricultural products from the locals in
return of protection from other warring tribes and teaching of the Catholic faith.
 They then imported more than 1.5 million people from the African continent to labour as slaves in mining
and agriculture.
 Spanish agriculture developed large production estates called haciendas to
cultivate crops and livestock products for local or domestic markets
 Due to the colonization, different socio-economic scale existed.
Peninsulares - Spaniards born in Spain who are working or living in the New World,
that took the highest offices and largest land grants.
Criollos - Spaniards born in the colonies
Mestizos - Mixtures of European and the locals’ ancestry
Both criollos and mestizos had fewer privileges and became resentful as their links
to Spain weakened.
3.3 PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 In the 1530’s, the French attempted to colonize areas previously claimed by the Portuguese.
 Just until then, they started to ramp up their settlement and political organization of the region.
 1549, a Portuguese governor general was installed.
 Salvador became the first capital and the northeastern hub of Portuguese Brazil
 Sao Paolo was established much farther south to solidify Portuguese territorial claims and to settle southern
lands.
 They established a settlement along Rio de Janeiro Bay after expelling French settlers from that portion of
the region and became the Portuguese colonial capital in the late 1700’s
 1600’s, increased in number of Portuguese immigrants due to the discovery of gold inland of Rio de
Janeiro. In turn, they set off expedition to explore the interior part of Brazil.
 1750, Spain agreed to permit the Brazilian interior expansion westward of the Tordesillas line.
 The Portuguese process of occupying Brazil resembled that of Spain in its colonies.
 There are few distinctive features between them that is, Colonial Brazil was economically and socially
controlled by an elite class who purchased or mostly captured millions of African slaves to work on large
sugar plantations along the northeastern coast.
 The Portuguese were responsible for the forced migration on the African more than any single colonial
power estimated around 4 millions Africans, for their economic development.
 3.4 OTHER EUROPEAN COLONIES
 British, French, and Dutch attempt to colonize Latin America came later
and were largely resisted by the Spanish and Portuguese.
 There were limited incursion on lands controlled by dominant colonizers
primarily in and on the periphery of the Caribbean Basin.
 1697, the French took the western third of Hispaniola.
 1804, a movement called Haitian Revolution won an independence
against French and creates a new country, Haiti.
 1797, the French also took control of the remainder of Hispaniola (Santo
Domingo) and maintained a presence until 1809
 1821, Haiti invaded Santo Domingo until 1844 and then declared an
independence with the name of Dominican Republic.
 Due to the cultivation of sugar and forced migration of African slaves that
contribute to gains in material wealth, many islands changed hands.
 Britain took Jamaica in 1670 and Trinidad in 1797 from Spain.
 The Guianas, a swampy coasts and forests area on mainland South
America were within the Spanish realm until Dutch, French and British
settled them
 1581, Dutch is the first to settle in, eventually establishing a country today
known as Suriname.
 British took the western territory in 1814 and established a colony, now an
independent country know as Guyana.
 French settled in the eastern part in 1600’s,
3.5 INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
 3.5.1 INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN
 1821, Mexico gains independent from Spain and it covered the land of the present-
day Southwestern United States through the modern Costa Rica-Panama border
 1823, the Central America regions separated from Mexico as the United Provinces of
Central America
 1838, the United Provinces of Central America divided into individual Central America
republics that exist today.
 Northwestern South America functioned apart from Spanish rule as Gran Colombia
from 1822 to 1830
 1830, independence countries of Colombia (includes present-day Panama), Ecuador
and Venezuela
 Panama then gain independence from Columbia in 1903
 The post-independence era created rivalry and boundary disputes between countries
 The next 150 years after independence were marked by political instability
punctuated by short period of economic growth.
3.5.2 BRAZIL INDEPENDENCE
 Brazil gained independence in 1820, and had a stronger foundation than any post-colonial
countries.
 1807, the Portuguese royal family evacuated from Europe to Brazil when Napoleon threatened to
take their country
 Rio de Janeiro became the temporary capital of the Portuguese government.
 After the defeat of Napoleon, the royal family went back to Portugal.
 1816, the eldest Prince of the royal family returned to Brazil.
 1822, he proclaimed himself as the King Pedro I and claimed Brazil’s independence from Portugal

King Pedro I
 1840 to 1889, under King Pedro II the economy grew rapidly with the construction of
railroads and ports and the expansion of mining (east central), commercial coffee
farming (south), rubber collection (amazon river basin)
 1889, Brazil is became a Republic under military coup, but falling the price of coffee
and rubber lead to widespread unrest and a period of dictatorship
 1900’s, Brazil encouraged immigration and received many people from the
Germany, Italy and Japan.
 1985, the democratization of the country leads to what we see in Brazil in the present
days.
 4.0 GLOBAL ECONOMIC
ARRANGEMENT
MERCOSUR
CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY AND MARKET
(CARICOM)

MERCOSUR CARICOM
4.1 MERCOSUR
 MERCOSUR was the fourth largest trade bloc in the world in 2011
 Their purpose is to promote free trade and free movement of factors of production and also
the currency
 There is free intra-zone trade and a common trade policy between member countries
 it is now a full custom union and a trading bloc
 MERCOSUR objectives :
1. The free transit of goods, services and factors of production among state members
2. Elimination of customs rights and lifting of non-tariff restrictions on the transit of goods or any
other measures with similar effects
3. Fixing a common external tariff
MEMBERS
MERCOSUR ASSOCIATE STATES
4.2 CARICOM
 Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) is formed in 1973
 Consists of 15 members and 5 associates
 It is established to create a free movement of factors of production and act as one market and the
establishment of common passport for the residents of member countries, combined regional
commercial airline, single monetary union, regionalized stock exchange, and the establishment of
trade agreement with large international trade blocs and association
 The Community has other objectives:
(a) improved standards of living and work;
(b) full employment of labour and other factors of production;
(c) accelerated, co-ordinated and sustained economic development and convergence;
(d) expansion of trade and economic relations with third States;
(e) enhanced levels of international competitiveness;
 MEMBERS CARICOM ASSOCIATES

ANGUILA
ANTIGUA AND GRENADA ST. LUCIA
BARBUDA

BERMUDA

BAHAMAS GUYANA ST KITTS AND NEVIS

CAYMAN
ISLAND
BARBADOS HAITI ST VINCENT AND
GRENADINES
TURKS AND
CAICOS ISLAND

BELIZE JAMAICA SURINAME

BRITISH VIRGIN
ISLAND

DOMINICA MONTSERRAT TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

5.0 SUBREGION OF
LATIN AMERICA
•5.1 MEXICO
•5.2 CENTRAL AMERICA
•5.3 THE CARIBBEAN AND ENVIRONS
•5.4 NORTHERN ANDES
•5.5 BRAZIL
•5.6 SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
Mexico
Map
Mexico Flag
5.1 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN
MEXICO

• 5.1.1 Manufacturing
• 5.1.2 Mining
• 5.1.3 Agriculture
1. 5.1.1 Manufacturing

• Company name:GKN Aerospace

• Location:Chihuahua Sur Mexico
• Produce:Manufacture for aircraft
• The GKN story began with the founding of the Dowlais
Ironworks Co on 19 September 1759 in Dowlais, near
Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales.
• A company that established more than 250 years.
 What is maquila?

• Introduce after 1965,maquiladora program is for foreign owned factories to open

sited in Mexico
• Maquila is a program company that allows factories to be largely duty free and
tariff free.
• Maquiladoras sector was created under National Border Development
Program(PRONAF) by Mexican government.
• This is to attracted foreign investment,boost mexico economic,created labor jobs
etc.
• United State involve in textiles,apparel,electronics etc. which then follow by Asian
And Europe Corporation under maquila laws.
• This Involvement from foreign company also due to cheap labor and
environmental regulations
• Maquiladoras receive raw materials from US companies to assemble and export
back as finished product.
2. 5.1.2 Mining
• State own petroleum company
• Location:Mexico City,Mexico
• Produce:Mining oil And Gas.
• generating approximately 2.5 million barrels of oil daily and more
than 6 million of cubic feet of natural gas.
 3. 5.1.3 Agriculture
• Company name:Alpura
• Location: Mexico City,Mexico.
• Produce:Dairy product
• One of the biggest dairy company in Mexico and distribute all
over the country.
• Alpura has over 142 branchs properties all over the Mexico.
• Alpura received the Mexico Supreme Quality Recognition 2009
due to distinguishing itself as a company committed to the
quality of the products offered to consumers, respect for the
environment and social responsibility.
 Central America Flags and Neighboring Countries

Honduras Belize

Costa rica

Panama

El salvador nicaragua El salvador

5.2 Economic Activities Central
America

• 5.2.1 Services(Tourism)
• 5.2.2 Agriculture
• 5.2.3 Manfacturing
1. 5.2.1 Services
• Company Name:Green World Adventure
• One of the biggest company tourism in Costa Rica
• Location:Cartago, Costa Rica
• Service:Tourism
• Aim to promote Cost Rica to the world.
2. 5.2.2 Agriculture
• Company name:Latin America Agribusiness Corporation
S.A
• Location:Santa Ana, San José - Costa Rica
• Product:Agriculture product such as Coffee,Dairy product
and vegetables.
3. 5.2.3 Manufacturing
• Company name:Gildan Activewear.
• Location: San Antonio,Honduras
• Produce:Streetware product
CARIBBEAN BASIN
AND ENVIRON
MINING
Company : JAMALCO
Location : Hayes, Jamaica
Product : Bauxite mining and Alumina production
MANUFACTURING

Company : Empresa Cubana del Tabaco or Cubatabaco

Location : Havana, Cuba
Products : Cuban cigars
 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
TOURISM
Organization : Bahamas Tourism
Location : British Colonial Hilton
Service provided : Tourism and travel agencies
 venezuela

colombia Map of
Northern
Andes
ecuador

peru

chile
Northern Andes Neighbouring
Countries and Flags

Bolivia
Colombia

Venezuela

Ecuador Peru
5.4 Economic Activities Northern
Andes

• 5.4.1 Service(Tourism)
• 5.4.2 Service(Airline domestic service)
• 5.4.3 Agriculture
1. 5.4.1Services
• Company name:Dos Manos Peru Travel
• Location:Calle San Agustin,Peru
• Service:Provide tourism
2. 5.4.2 Services
• Company Name:Aerolinea de antioquia
• Location:Medellin,Colombia
• Services:Provide domestic airlines service
3. 5.4.3 Agriculture
• Company name:Camari
• Location:Quito,Ecuador
• Produce:Cocoa bean,Dairy product such as milk,cheese
etc. and coffee beans
Map of
Southern
America
 5.6Southern South America
Neighbouring Countries and Flags

Argentina Chile

Paraguay Uruguay
5.6 Economic Activities Southern
America

• Service(Tourism)
• Service(Sport Entertainment)
• Mining
1. 5.6.1 Service
• Company name:Tierra Patagonia Hotel and Spa
• Location:Torres del paine national park,Chile
• Services:Provide tourism services
2. 5.6.2 Service
• Country:Argentina
• Location Stadium: Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio
Liberti in Buenos Aires.
• Services:Entertainment sports.
• Become one of important event in Argentina which attract
even tourist to come to Argentina just to watch football.
• The Argentina national football team has won the football
World Cup twice in 1978 & 1986.
3. 5.6.3 Mining
• Company name:BHP Biliton Ltd.
• Location: Las Condes, Chile
• Products:Mining petroleum and coal
• HQ was in Australia,Victoria Melbourne.
• Second largest company in the world.
BRAZIL
 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
MANUFACTURING
Company Name : Taurus International Manufacturing
Location : Sao Leopoldo, Brazil
Products : Handguns
Mining
Company name : Vale Inco
Location : Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Product : Nickel, coal and copper
AGRICULTURE
Location : Minas Gerais (Brazil’s highest coffee production state)
Product : Coffee beans
Minas Gerais plantation is government owned plantation
ISSUES
IN
BRAZIL
FAVELAS
 Favelas is the shantytowns of Brazil’s cities located in the Southern part of the country
 It is accommodated by many materially poor people
 They are not accommodated in proper housing, infrastructure or services
 In or around the city, they occupy gaps between buildings with self-built house
 Most of them are not supplied with water, electricity, waste disposal, paved road or
even security
 Brazilian street kids live in a nomadic manner and without shelter
Some say, the large corporation leads to the extreme poverty for some group of
people
 These children most likely to end up in gangs, prostitution, illegal narcotics and also
life-threatening diseases
 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN AMAZON
 The Amazon rainforest is currently in a devastating stage, the percentage of
deforestation is increase from year to year.
 Either due to profit-making activities or illegal activities occur in Amazon river, both
give bad impact on Amazon
 The Brazilian government remains committed in developing the Amazon River Basin
 Road constructions are tied up with the increasing of deforestation and
environmental degradation in the Amazon
 About three quarter of forest cleaning in Amazon was for cattle-ranching
 This causes many outrages Brazilian and international organizations in preserving the
Amazon.
 NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION (FUNAI)
 It is a government activity which seeks to provide education, health care and support for the
Native Americans
 Unfortunately, it is underfunded to support the programme
 Although FUNAI protects the rights for the Indian reserves, miners and ranchers frequently
penetrate the reserves before FUNAI can act.