limits

Limit Theorems
If c is any number, lim f ( x)  L and lim g ( x)  M , then
x a x a

a) lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   L  M b) lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   L  M
x a xa

c) lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   L  M
xa
d)
xa 
lim f ( x )
g ( x)   L , ( M  0)
M

e) lim  c  f ( x)   c  L f) lim  f ( x)   Ln
n
x a
x a

g) lim c  c h) lim x  a
xa x a

i) lim x n  a n j) lim f ( x)  L , ( L  0)
xa x a
Examples Using Limit Rule
Ex. lim  x  1  lim x  lim1
2 2
x 3 x 3 x 3

 
2
 lim x  lim1
x 3 x 3

 32  1  10

2x 1 lim  2 x  1 2 lim x  lim1

x 1
Ex. lim   x 1 x 1
x 1 3 x  5 lim  3 x  5  3lim x  lim 5
x 1 x 1 x 1

2 1 1
 
35 8
 More Examples
1. Suppose lim f ( x)  4 and lim g ( x)  2. Find
x 3 x 3

a) lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   lim
x 3
f ( x)  lim g ( x)
x 3
x 3
 4  (2)  2

b) lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)

x 3
x 3 x 3

 4  (2)  6
 2 f ( x)  g ( x)  lim 2 f ( x)  lim g ( x) 2  4  (2) 5
c) lim    x 3 x 3
 
x 3
 f ( x) g ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x) 4  (2) 4
x 3 x 3
 Indeterminate Forms

Indeterminate forms occur when substitution in the limit

results in 0/0. In such cases either factor or rationalize
the expressions.
0
x5 Notice form
Ex. lim
x 5 x 2  25 0
x5
 lim Factor and cancel
x 5  x  5   x  5 
common factors
1 1
 lim 
x 5  x  5  10
 More Examples
 x 3  ( x  3)( x  3) 
a) lim  
 = lim  
 x9   ( x  9)( x  3) 
x 9 x 9

 x 9   1  1
 lim   lim 6
 x 9  x 3
x 9 ( x  9)( x  3)
  

 4  x2   (2  x)(2  x) 
b) lim  2  = lim 
x 2 2 x  x 3
  x 2  x 2 (2  x ) 

 2 x
= lim  2 
x 2
 x 
2  (2) 4
  1
(2) 2
4
 1 2(2 x  3)
lim   3 
x 2 x  2 x  3 x 2  2x

(2 x  3)( x  1)
lim
x  2x2  x  3

1 x  1 x
lim
x  x
 Assignment
Find limit in each case

x  3x  2
2 x3  x2  x  1
1 lim 2 lim
x  x 3  3 x 2  5 x  2
x 2 x 2
3 lim x  1  x  1
2 2 4 lim x 2  x  1  x 2  x  1
x  x 

2x sin  3 x 
5 lim 6 lim
x 0
2x  x  1  x  3 x  1
2 2 x 0 6x
 
sin x 2
7 sin  sin  x   8 lim
x 0 x sin  x 
lim
x 0 x
x  2 sin  x  tan x 
9 lim 10 lim e
x 0
x 2  2 sin  x   1  sin2  x   x  1 
x 
2