N

7
SS

Multiplying Rational Numbers

LE

UNDERSTAND The product of any number and 21 is the opposite of the number. It does
not matter if the number is an integer, a fraction, or a decimal. Remember
that the opposite of 0 is 0.
Multiply groups of integers, fractions, and decimals by 21. Notice the pattern.

1
Multiply integers by 21.
21 3 2 5 2(1 3 2) 5 2(2) 5 22
21 3 1 5 2(1 3 1) 5 2(1) 5 21
2
21 3 0 5 2(1 3 0) 5 2(0) 5 0
Multiply fractions by 21.
21 3 21 5 2(1 3 21) 5 2(21) 5 1
21 3 22 5 2(1 3 22) 5 2(22) 5 2
21 3 ​ __
2
  2   2  2
__ __ __
5 ​ 5 2​ 1 3 ​ 5 ​   ​ 5 2​ ​ 5 ​  ​ 5 2​ 5 ​

5 ​  5 2​ 1 3 ​ 5 ​  ​ 5 2​ ​ 5 ​  ​ 5 2​ 5 ​ 

1 1 1 1
21 3 ​ __ __ __ __

5 ​ 5 2​ 1 3 ​ 5 ​ ​ 5 2(0) 5 0

0 0
21 3 ​ __ __

​ 5 ​  5 2​ 1 3 2__ ​ 5 ​  ​ 5 2​ 2__

​ 5 ​  ​ 5 ​ __
1 1 1 1
21 3 2__ 5 ​ 
​ 5 ​ 5 2​ 1 3 2__ ​ 5 ​ ​ 5 2​ 2__
​ 5 ​ ​ 5 ​ __
2 2 2 2
21 3 2__ 5 ​

3
Multiply decimals by 21.
21 3 0.2 5 2(1 3 0.2) 5 2(0.2) 5 20.2
21 3 0.1 5 2(1 3 0.1) 5 2(0.1) 5 20.1
21 3 0.0 5 2(1 3 0.0) 5 2(0) 5 0
21 3 20.1 5 2(1 3 20.1) 5 2(20.1) 5 0.1
21 3 20.2 5 2(1 3 20.2) 5 2(20.2) 5 0.2

▸ The multiplication pattern shows that the product of every negative number and Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

21 is positive. The product of every positive number and 21 is negative.

The pattern above can help us understand the rules for multiplying signed numbers:
• If two rational factors have the same sign, their product is positive.
(1) ? (1) 5 (1)   (2) ? (2) 5 (1)
• If one rational factor is positive and one is negative, their product is negative.
(1) ? (2) 5 (2)

40  Domain 2: The Number System

 Connect
Multiply groups. Vary the number of factors. Observe the results.

1 2
Multiply fractions. Count the number of negative factors.

2__
1 1
​ 2 ​  3 ​ __ __ 1 ▸ If there is an odd number of negative
2 ​  5 2​ 4 ​  rational factors, the product is
1 1 1
2__
​ 2 ​    3 2__
​ 2 ​  5 ​ __
4 ​ 
negative. If there is an even number
1 1 1 1
of negative rational factors, the
21
2__
​ 2 ​    3 2__
​ 2 ​    3 2__
​ 2 ​  5 ​ ___ __
8   ​ 5 2​ 8 ​  product is positive.
1 1 1 1 1
2__
​ 2 ​    3 2__
​ 2 ​    3 2__
​ 2 ​    3 2__
​ 2 ​  5 ​ __
16   ​

1 1
Multiply: 1​ __ __
4 ​  3 21​ 2 ​ 

Convert the factors to improper fractions. Then multiply.

1
1​ __
13411
_______​  5 ​ __ ​
4 ​  5 ​  4    4
5
  1 
2​ 1__  1 3 2 1 1 
​ 2 ​   ​ 5 2​ _______
​  2   ​  ​ 5 2​ __ 3 
​ 2 ​  ​ 5 2__
3
​ 2 ​

5 3 5 3 (23) 15 7
​ __ __ _______​   5 2__
4 ​ 3 2​ 2 ​ 5 ​  4 3 2    ​ 8  ​ 5 21​ __
8 ​

▸ The product is negative because the factors have opposite signs. The product is 21​ __78 ​.

Multiply: 20.5 3 20.4 3 20.2

1 2
Multiply one pair of factors. Finish multiplying.

20.5 3 20.4 5 0.20 5 0.2 20.5 3 20.4 3 20.2 5 0.2 3 20.2

5 20.04
The product is positive because the
factors have the same sign. ▸ The product is negative because
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

the factors have opposite signs.

The product is 20.04.

TRY
Consider multiplying 10 rational factors with these signs:
(2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 3 (1) 3 (1) 3 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 3 (1) 3 (1).
What will be the sign of the final product? Explain how you know.

Lesson 7: Multiplying Rational Numbers  41

 EXAMPLE A Use number properties to help you multiply these three rational factors:

 
​ 2__
3
​ 7 ​ 3 2__
3

​ 10  ​  ​ 3 2__
10
​ 3  ​

1
Use the commutative property to rearrange the factors. Use the associative property to
group factors so they will be easier to multiply.

2__
3
​ 10  ​ and 2__
10
​ 3  ​ are multiplicative inverses, so: ​ 2__  
​ 7 ​ 3 2__
3 3
​ 10  ​  ​ 3 2__ 10
​ 3  ​ 5 2__
3
​ 7 ​ 3 ​ 2__  
​ 10  ​ 3 2__
3
​ 3  ​  ​
10


2 3
Use the multiplicative inverse property Use the multiplicative identity
to simplify the expression. property of 1.

2__
3
 
​ 7 ​ 3 ​ 2__
3
​ 10  ​ 3 2__
10

​ 3  ​  ​ 5 2__
​ 7 ​ 3 1
3 This property states that when a number,
n, is multiplied by 1, the product is the
original number, n.
3 3
Therefore, 2__
​ 7 ​ 3 1 5 2__
​ 7 ​.

▸ ​ 2__​ 37 ​ 3 2__
​ 10  ​ ​ 3 2__
3 10 3
​ 3  ​ 5 2__
​ 7 ​

EXAMPLE B Solve: 0.5 3 2.7 1 0.5 3 5.3 2 1.2 3 0.8

1 2
Rewrite the expression using the Simplify. Use the order of operations.
distributive property.
Solve inside the parentheses, and then
0.5 is multiplied by two numbers, multiply from left to right.
so those factors can be combined. 0.5(2.7 1 5.3) 2 1.2 3 0.8
  0.5 3 2.7 1 0.5 3 5.3 2 1.2 3 0.8 5 0.5(8) 2 1.2 3 0.8 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

5 0.5(2.7 1 5.3) 2 1.2 3 0.8 5 4 2 1.2 3 0.8

5 4 2 0.96
Add from left to right.
CU S S 4 1 (20.96) 5 3.04
DIS
When is it helpful to use the distributive ▸ 0.5 3 2.7 1 0.5 3 5.3 2 1.2 3 0.8
property to rewrite an expression? 5 3.04

42  Domain 2: The Number System

 Problem Solving
read
A construction company needs to make concrete for the foundation of a building.
The foundation will be 10 m long by 20 m wide by 1 m high. In order to make concrete,
a mixture of cement, sand, and gravel is needed.
• The dry volume of this mixture is equal to the volume of the foundation multiplied
by 1.65.
1
• The volume of cement is ​ __
6  ​ of this total volume.
1
• The volume of sand is ​ __
3 ​  of this total volume.
1
• The volume of gravel is ​ __
2 ​  of this total volume.
How much sand and gravel are needed for the construction of the foundation?

plan
Determine the volume of concrete needed for the foundation.
Multiply the volume of the foundation by 1.65 to find the dry volume of the mixture.
Then multiply the fractions representing the sand and gravel each by the total dry
volume. Add the amounts of sand and gravel.

solve
Volume of the foundation: 10 m 3 31m5 m3
Dry volume of the mixture: 1.65 3 5 m3
1 1
Volume of sand: ​ __
3 ​  3 m3 Volume of gravel: ​ __
2 ​  3 m3
Volume of sand and gravel: ​   1
3 ​ __   
3 ​   ​ 1 ​
1
3 ​ __ 
2 ​   ​ 5  1
 ​ __
1
​ 3 ​  1 ​ __ 
2 ​   ​
Notice: We used the distributive property to determine this last expression.
Answer 5 m3
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

check
Determine the volume of cement needed to make the concrete. The volume
of cement subtracted from the total dry volume should match the answer.
1
Dry volume of the mixture: m3 Volume of cement: ​ __
6 ​  3 5 m3
Difference between dry volume and cement: 2 5 m3
▸ The combined volume of the sand and gravel needed to make the concrete
for the foundation of the building is m3.

Lesson 7: Multiplying Rational Numbers  43

 Practice
State whether the product of the factors will be negative or positive, based on the
signs that are given.
1. (1) 3 (2) 3 (1) 2. (1) 3 (1) 3 (1) 3 (1) 3. (1) 3 (2) 3 (1) 3 (2)

What does the number of

T
IN
H
negative factors tell you
about the sign of the product?

Find each product.

4. 4 3 21 3 9 5. 26 3 25 3 23

1
6. 2__
​ 2 ​  3 10 3 22 7. 5.5 3 22.4 3 0.5 3 20.5

Simplify each expression. Explain which properties you used to do so.

8. 21 3 21 3 21 3 21 1 0 9.  2
​ __  5
​ 5 ​ 3 217  ​ 3 ​ __
2 ​

1
10. 0.1 3 7​ __ __2
3 ​  1 0.1 3 2​ 3 ​   3 
11. ​ 2__   9 
​ 8 ​  ​ 3 1 3 ​ 2__
​ 10  ​  ​ 3 2__
8
​ 3 ​

Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

For questions 12 and 13, write an expression to represent each problem. Then simplify it
to answer the question.

12. Ayden has a lemonade stand. He spent $4.55 on supplies to make lemonade and
$8.45 on supplies to make cookies. At his lemonade stand, he sold 23 cups of lemonade
for $0.50 each and 17 cookies for $0.50 each. What were Ayden’s profits that day?

44  Domain 2: The Number System

 13. A fish tank is shaped like a rectangular prism. Its volume can be found by multiplying
the length times the width to find the area of its base, and then multiplying that area by
2 3 3
the height. The length of the tank is 1​ __ __ __
3 ​ feet, its width is ​ 4 ​ foot, and its height is ​ 5 ​ foot.
What is the volume of the fish tank, in cubic feet?

Choose the best answer.

14. Which factor goes in the box to make 15. Simplify the following expression.

 
the equation true?
__11
2__
1 7
​ 5 ​​   ​ __   1  
__
10  ​ 1 ​ 2​ 5 ​   ​  ​
​ 12 ​  3 1 3 51
17 1
12 11
A. 2___
​ 50 ​   B. 2 ​ __
10   ​
A. 2__ ​ 11  ​ B. 2 ​ __
12 ​  1 9
1 12
C. __
​ 2 ​   D. ___
​ 20   ​ 
C. __
​ 12   ​ D. __
​ 11  ​

16. The signs of factors being multiplied are 17. A rectangular frame has a length of
shown below. Which of the following __11 7
​ 12 ​  foot and a width of ​ __
12  ​ foot. Which
would result in a product that is a expression does not represent the
positive number?
perimeter of the frame?
A. (1) ? (1) ? (2)
B. (2) ? (1) ? (2) A. 2​ __  11
​ 12 ​  1 ​ __
12  ​  ​
7

C. (2) ? (2) ? (2)  
B. ​ 2 3 ​ __
11
  
__
12 ​   ​ 1 ​ 2 3 ​ 12  ​  ​
7

D. (1) ? (1) ? (2)
C. 2 1 ​ __  11
​ 12 ​  1 ​ __
12  ​  ​
7

11 7 11 __ 7
D. __
​ 12 ​  1 ​ __ __
12  ​ 1 ​ 12 ​  1 ​ 12  ​

Solve.

18. EXPLAIN Farzana knows that the 19. WRITE MATH Ken buys 12 pencils at
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

additive identity property states $0.15 each, 4 erasers at $0.15 each,

that adding 0 to a number results and 6 pens at $0.20 each. He writes this
in the same number. She reasons that expression to calculate his total cost,
the multiplicative identity property in dollars: (0.15) (12 1 4 1 6). Will this
probably states that multiplying expression yield the correct total cost?
a number by 0 results in the same If not, write an accurate expression and
number. Is she correct? Explain. use it to find the total cost.

Lesson 7: Multiplying Rational Numbers  45