LCS [2018-191102010-2B]

University of Twente

Lecture Subjects:
•

• Developing IAM’s
• Introduction to Final Assignment

± 40 slides

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LCS [191102010]
University of Twente

Developing Impact Assessment

Methods

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Developing I.A.M.’s University of Twente

I.A.M.: Impact Assessment Method

A calculation method / structure / procedure to

transform the ‘interventions’ caused by a product’s
lifecycle into an profile displaying the impact on…
- Environment (often the subject of the lectures)
- Maintenance
- Cost (total cost of ownership)
- Safety
- Employment
- etc.

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Context University of Twente

• User (LCA specialist, analysing impact of

product lifecycle on a certain aspect
(environment, costs, safety, society, etc.)

• I.A.M. (calculation method/procedure)

• Database (stored information to be used for

creating a model of the intended product
lifecycle, but also containing the different
interventions)

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Elements in context University of Twente

Database

Modeling Interventions
PLC Analysis
of Product
Lifecycle

User Profile I.A.M.

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Relations LCA University of Twente

Product
Parts
Database with libraries
containing datasheets
‘Calling’ data
sheets from
library to Interventions
simulate PLC This slide appears
inventory to be chaotic, but
Retracing
the animation
interventions of
should make it
used datasheets User
more clear, pay
LC modelattention!
User
Profile
Evaluation
IAM Executing
calculations /
applying IAM on
interventions
Selecting impact method &
commanding calculations
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Relations LCA University of Twente

Product
Parts
Database with libraries
containing datasheets
‘Calling’ data
sheets from
library to Interventions
simulate PLC

inventory Retracing
interventions of
used datasheets User

LC model
User
Profile
Evaluation
IAM Executing
calculations /
applying IAM on
interventions
Selecting impact method &
commanding calculations
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I.A.M: Outputs University of Twente

What should your IAM do (outputs):

- Give a profile of the analyzed impact
- Express the impacts, characterized into several
‘effects’
- Compare the impacts on these effects to a norm
- Combine the effects into a single score value

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I.A.M: Inputs University of Twente

What does your IAM need as input (from the LC

models):
- Interventions as result from inventory
- Inventory based on (3) phases of lifecycle
(from Cradle to Grave)
- Interventions
-How are these ordered / stored in the database?
-How are they related to the model of the product
lifecycle?

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 In which ‘effects’ do you
Structure of I.A.M. subdivide your ‘subject’
(environment, costs, safety, maintenance)
University of Twente

Several steps:
-Table of interventions (from lc model)
-Classification (which interventions will contribute to
which effects) (What about the order levels of classification?)
-Characterisation factors (how much the different
interventions contribute to the effect (expressed in
equivalent ‘intervention’))
-Normalisation
-Weighting
-Aggregation (summing up to a single score value)

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 From the intervention According to the
LCA – Characterisation 3
table “impact assessment method”
for example: eco-indicator ‘95
University of Twente

Characterisation factors

Substance Compartment Effect Result

Cd (soil) Upper atmosphere Global warming Loss of biodiversity
Cd (air)
CO
CO2 Acidification
COD Loss of production
Detergent Soil Eutrophication
F
HC
HCL Photochemical ozone Loss of human health
Hg (soil) Water
Hg (air) Human toxity
Nox
Odourous comp. Loss of resources
Oil (water) Eco-toxity
PAH
Pb (air) Loss of aesthetic values
Air Nuisance
Pb (soil)
SO2
Solid waste Resources
Etc.
Goal definition Inventory Analysis Profiling Evaluation Improvement Analysis

Faculty of mechanical engineering IDM sheet

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 LCA – Characterisation 3 University of Twente

• The list with interventions is created from a

Substance model, build up with different datasheets from the
Cd (soil)
Cd (air)
library.
CO
CO2 • This also means that the datasheets should
COD
Detergent
contain a parameter to determine how much of that
F datasheet is needed (examples, kg, kWh, tkm, m2
HC
HCL
or different ‘units’ relevant for that subject),
Hg (soil)
Hg (air) • Besides a description (steelsheet, electricity
Nox
Odourous comp. produced at grid, transport with a 28 ton lorry, etc)
Oil (water)
PAH
Pb (air)
• The amount of that datasheet used by the user in
Pb (soil) his product lifecycle model, determines the amount
SO2
Solid waste
of interventions (but which interventions is pre-
Etc. defined in the datasheet)
Goal definition Inventory Analysis Profiling Evaluation Improvement Analysis

Faculty of mechanical engineering IDM sheet

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 LCA – Characterisation 3 University of Twente

• Substance
In which effects your Effect Result
subject is ‘divided’ is
Cd (soil) Global warming Loss of biodiversity
defined
Cd (air) in your I.A.M.
CO
CO2 Acidification
• If it is expressed in higher
COD Loss of production
Detergent Eutrophication
order levels, certain
F
intermediate effects are
HC
HCL Photochemical ozone Loss of human health
defined as well
Hg (soil)
Hg (air)
(Midpoint versus Endpoint)
Nox
Human toxity
Odourous comp. Loss of resources
Oil (water) Eco-toxity
• In the definitions of the
PAH
Pb (air)
effects an unit (or
Pb (soil)
Nuisance Loss of aesthetic values

equivalent intervention) for

SO2
Solid waste Resources
each effect
Etc. is given.
Goal definition Inventory Analysis Profiling Evaluation Improvement Analysis

Faculty of mechanical engineering IDM sheet

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 LCA – Characterisation 3 University of Twente

Characterisation factors
Substance Compartment Effect Result
Cd (soil)
• How each intervention
Cd (air)
Upper atmosphere Global warming
is related to the impactLoss onofabiodiversity
certain
effect is defined by the characterisation
CO
CO2 Acidification factors in the I.A.M.
COD Loss of production
• the I.A.M. also contains
Detergent Soil the normalisation
Eutrophication factors
F
• A pre-determined set of weighing
HC
HCL
factors
Photochemical ozone is supplied
Loss of humanto be
health
able to create weighed
Hg (soil) Water values and a single score indicator for
Hg (air)
the total impact on that subject Human toxity
Nox
Odourous comp. Loss of resources
• For different scenario’s differentEco-toxity
Oil (water) sets of normalisation
PAH
factors and weighing factors can be defined (europe
Pb (air) E versus G)
Loss of aesthetic values
Air Nuisance
Pb (soil)
SO2
Solid waste Resources
Etc.
Goal definition Inventory Analysis Profiling Evaluation Improvement Analysis

Faculty of mechanical engineering IDM sheet

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User actions (what he wants) University of Twente

What does your user want to know?

– The impact on a certain (engineering) aspect (env,

cost, safety, etc)

– Over the total product lifecycle (assembly-use-

disposal)

– Subdivided in certain ‘effects’ (GWP, ODP, Heavy

metals, pesti, etc.)

– Perhaps finally in a single score value

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User actions (what has to be done) University of Twente

What do the user has to do?

– What kind of information does she need to
investigate in the inventory?

– How does she build her model?

– How does she (want to) select the correct

datasheets (and right ‘amount’)

In other words; what does she need to observe of the product and
how does she ‘call’ datasheets to model her product lifecycle

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Datasheets stored in libraries University of Twente

• Based on which ‘parameters / variables’

does the ‘user’ select the correct datasheets
(example Environmental databases GABi or EcoInvent; materials &
processes or processes and flows)

• How does the user determine the correct amount

(example Env. databases: kg, tkm, # of parts, kWh, etc)

• Which interventions are related to these data

(assume statistical information available on the amount of
interventions related to the modeling parameter)
• How are the interventions structured (classified)
within a datasheet?
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Elements in context University of Twente

Database

Modeling Interventions
PLC Analysis
of Product
Lifecycle

User Profile I.A.M.

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Developing structure University of Twente

Of course developing an I.A.M. is a complex process with

many iterations. There is no clear distinct optimal
procedure to develop an I.A.M. step-by-step

• Proposal for a possible developing structure:

• Divide subject into ‘effects’
• Which interventions contribute to which effects
• How much contributes an intervention to the total
effect (equivalent intervention & characterisation)
• How are interventions stored in datasheets and
• How is a PLC model build with datasheets
(which characteristics of the product are used to create a model?)

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Needed (from calculation point of view): University of Twente

• Effects describing the subject

• Units for these effects
THE connection between I.A.M
• Related interventions & model of product lifecycle

• Charaterisation factor for each relevant

intervention to that effect
• A Norm and the resulting normalisation factors
• Weighing factors

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Example Eco ‘95 University of Twente

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Example GABI University of Twente

• In GABI, educational:
• No seperate ‘compartments’

• Interventions are multiple times defined

• For example:
Lead [emitted to Air]
Lead [emitted to Water]
Lead [emitted to Soil]
etc.
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Needed (from a modeling point of view): University of Twente

•To be able to construct and use datasheets:

• Modelling Elements (to describe interesting aspects
/ characteristics of the product and its lifecycle)

Pay attention to WHAT has to be researched for the

Inventory

For environment: mass & energy

For safety:….
Or Maintenance….
Or employment….

In other words what characteristics of the product need

to be modelled?
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Needed (from a modeling point of view): University of Twente

•To be able to construct and use datasheets:

• Modelling Elements (to describe interesting aspects
/ characteristics of the product and its lifecycle)
• Units for these elements (to express how ‘much’ /
often that datasheets should be added to the LC model)
Visible to the user to construct the LC model
Only for IAM to calculated the table of interventions
• A structure to store interventions (classes)
• Interventions ‘caused’ by that datasheet
• The amount of each intervention ‘caused’ by
that datasheet

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Remarks University of Twente

Adjustments to Goal definition:

- Default elements (see environmental LCA)
- Additional elements (influence of time?
Surroundings?)
- Or specific focus

Example: LC as black box, only interventions

crossing system boundaries?
Or Especially interventions within the system
boundaries (maintenance / safety?)

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Tips & tricks University of Twente

• On Canvas ->
– Extra Materials -> GABI -> Tips & Tricks

LifeCycle Strategies, M.E. Toxopeus, UT/CTW/OPM 26

Introducing Final Assignment 2018 University of Twente

Organization:
• 12 ‘international’ teams of 6 students
• 3 Themes, besides environment
• Four teams for each Theme

• The collaboration on the assignment is up to you

• Determining the project exam / final discussion
depends on your combined preference
• Deadline for final report one week before final
discussion, see Canvas

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Final Assignment (2) University of Twente

2 ‘separate’ parts / volumes

• Part A1:
Develop an Impact Assessment Method for theme X
• Part A2:
Illustrate / explain your I.A.M. (part A1) with examples &
cases (parts of cases).

• Part B:
An comparative LCA on the different products;
on environmental impact
& on impact on theme X

Product Life Cycle 28

Final Assignment (2) University of Twente

2 ‘separate’
Tips: parts / volumes
-Try to reach synergy between the LCA’s (rather one
• Part A1:
LCA including analysis on Environment & ‘X’
Develop an Impact Assessment Method for theme X
instead of 2 separate
• Part A2:
LCA’s).
Illustrate / explain
- Try youraI.A.M.
to determine ‘turning(part
point’A1) witheven
/ ‘break examples
point’ &
(when does
cases (parts ‘preference’ turn to the other product,
of cases).
caused by change in use, lifespan, F.U, etc.)
• Part B:
An comparative LCA on the different products;
on environmental impact
& on impact on theme X

Product Life Cycle 29

Final Assignment (3) University of Twente

Report in 2 volumes:
Volume 1:
The I.A.M. development with example (part A & B)
(Parts A1 & A2 combined)
Volume 2 (part B):
One combined LCA on the products on
Environmental impact
& on impact on theme X
Deadline for report: See canvas
2 printed Versions & a Digital version (pdf or doc)

Product Life Cycle 30

Final Assignment (3) Full LCA report:
thus including a complete;
University of Twente

Goal definition,
Report in 2 volumes: Inventory,
Profiling,
Volume 1: Evaluation (incl uncertainties
The I.A.M. development with example (part A & B)
& Break-even)
(Parts A1 & A2 combined) Improvements
& conclusions
Volume 2 (part B):
One combined LCA on the products on
Environmental impact
& on impact on theme X
Deadline for report: See canvas
2 printed Versions & a Digital version (pdf or doc)

Product Life Cycle 31

Final Assignment (4) University of Twente

Deadlines:
1) The reports should be handed in one week
before final discussion session.

2) Final discussion session will on

Thursday July 4th or Friday July 5th

Product Life Cycle 32

Final Assignment (5) University of Twente

Final discussion session:

• 3,5 hours
• 3 teams (one of each theme)
• Each team gives a short presentation (20to30 min)
• After the presentations a group discussion
about the I.A.M. & results

Reports by each team will become available on

Canvas for reading and to prepare questions.

Product Life Cycle 33

Final Assignment Subjects University of Twente

The themes for 2018 are:

• Maintenance (all impacts on maintenance due to
PLC)
• Safety (all impacts on safety due to PLC)
• Employment (all impacts on Employment due to PLC)

The two products to be compared:

• VARO hedge/grass shear
Var10054/18

• Hand operated Hedge/grass cutter

(You Decide)

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Final Assignment on Canvas University of Twente

• Subscribe to one of the teams on Canvas

(See module people)

• Each team = group on Canvas,

(with pages, files & group email)

• Use Team nummer (E1-S4) as reference

(in communication / emails / etc.)

• In Pages & files: written assignment for each

team!

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Final Assignment on Canvas University of Twente

• Subscribe to one of the teams on Canvas

(See module people)

• Each team = group on Canvas,

(with pages, files & group email)

• Use Team nummer (E1-S4) as reference

(in communication / emails / etc.)

• In Pages & files: written assignment for each

team!

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Organizational aspect University of Twente

The following practical aspects need to be solved :

• Team formation (sign-up on Canvas)

• Deadline for reports: Friday 28th of June @ 15:00

• Presentation& Discussion 4th or 5th of July

• Check your lecture & Exams schedules (My

timetable) for July. Find available time slots!

Product Life Cycle 37

TEAM – available time slots University of Twente

As a complete team check the times slots

available to you!

Indicate for each time slot:

- Who is available (& who’s not)
- Reasons for unavailability

See schedule on next slide

Send the information of your team to me

m.e.toxopeus@utwente.nl
To find the best options.
Product Life Cycle 38
TEAM nmbr available time slots University of Twente

As an example 
Team number T1 Thursday Friday
July 4th July 5th

9:00-12:30 All available Only Tox not available

(exam LCS)

14:00-17:30 All available Bjorn & Jos unavailbe

due to oral exams

Product Life Cycle 39

 University of Twente

IDM mod 1 LifeCycle Strategies, M.E. Toxopeus, UT/CTW/OPM 40