Personality

• Personality is defined as the set of habitual behaviors, cognitions and emotional

patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors.[1] While there is
no generally agreed upon definition of personality, most theories focus on
motivation and psychological interactions with ones environment. [2] Trait-based
personality theories, such as those defined by Raymond Cattell define personality
as the traits that predict a person's behavior. On the other hand, more
behaviorally based approaches define personality through learning and habits.
Nevertheless, most theories view personality as relatively stable.[1]
• The study of the psychology of personality, called personality psychology,
attempts to explain the tendencies that underly differences in behavior. Many
approaches have been taken to studying personality, including biological,
cognitive, learning and trait based theories, as well as psychodynamic, and
humanistic approaches. Personality psychology is also divided among the first
theorists, with a few influential theories being posited by Sigmund Freud, Alfred
Adler, Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers.
• The trait based approach has yielded multiple conceptions of personality,
including a number of five factor models, Eysenck's traits, Cattel's
traits and Cloninger's temperament and character traits.[1]
 TRAIT THEORY
• In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an
approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are
primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be
defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and
emotion.[1]According to this perspective, traits are relatively stable
over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing
whereas others are not), and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast
to states which are more transitory dispositions.
• In some theories and systems, traits are something a person either
has or does not have, but in many others traits are dimensions such
as extraversion vs. introversion, with each person rating somewhere
along this spectrum.
• Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits, which he
also referred to as dispositions. In his approach, "cardinal" traits are
those that dominate and shape a person's behavior; their ruling
passions/obsessions, such as a need for money, fame etc. By contrast,
"central" traits such as honesty are characteristics found in some
degree in every person - and finally "secondary" traits are those seen
only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a
very close friend may know), which are included to provide a
complete picture of human complexity.
• Currently, two general approaches are the most popular[citation needed]:
• Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, (EPQ) ("the three-factor model").
Using factor analysis Hans Eysenck suggested that personality is
reducible to three major traits: neuroticism, extraversion, and
psychoticism.[2][3]
• Big Five personality traits, ("the five-factor model"). Many
psychologists currently believe that five factors are sufficient:
neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness,
and conscientiousness.[4][5]
• Personality in terms of identifiable patterns of behavior
• Traits = stable characteristics
• Allport = All of us posses different traits. Give a list of 4500 traits. 3
basic categories cardinal, central, secondary
• Characteristics that affect the most of persons activity
• Individual have subsets of the traits from a universal posibility of
traits
• central, secondary are Less dominate than cardinal
• CATTELL= We all have 16 personality traits
• they represent the basic dimensions of personality
• EYSENCK = 3 major dimensions of personality but the degees we individually express them differ
• EXTRAVERSION = degree of sociability
• NEUROTCISIM = emotional stability
• PSYCHOTICISM = the degree to which reality is distorted
• BIG FIVE
• OPENNESS= are you imaginative or practical, independent or conferming
• CONscientiousness= organized or disorganized, careful or careless
• EXTRAVERSION= talkative or quit fun loving or sober
• AGREEABLENESS=kind or cold, appreciative or unfriendly
• NEUROTICISM= r u stable or tense, secure or insecure
• Factor analysis is statical method that categorise and determine the major categories of trait
• Factor analysis reduces the no of variables and detect structure in the relationship between the variables
ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING OF THE TERM
"EDUCATION"
• Education is a lifelong, continuous and multiple process which aim is all
round development of the child. All round development means physical
development, intellectual development, emotional development, cultural
development, spiritual development, vocational development, aesthetic
development, moral development, language development, social
development, religious development, recreational development. We will
discuss broadly about this definition of education later. Now we have to
discuss an etymological meaning of the term 'EDUCATIN'.
• Western educationists have discovered few Latin words through
investigation. According to them, the English word 'Education' has been
derived
from Latin words "educare", "educere", "educatum", "E+duco", "educatu
s", "educatio".
• 1) 'Educate' - The term education has been derived from the Latin word 'educare'. The
term 'educare' means 'to bring up', 'to rise', and 'to nourish'. The child has to bring up
like a plant in the garden by the teacher. His potentialities should be developed with
proper care and nourishment.
• 2) 'Educere' - The term education has been derived from the Latin word 'educere'.
The term 'educere' means 'to lead out', 'to draw out' and 'to bring from'. Each and every
child has the innate powers. The innate powers of the child should be properly cared,
given scope to develop. It should be located and proper education to be developed.
• 3) 'Educatum' - The term education has been derived from the Latin word
'educatum'. The term 'educatum' means 'act of teaching' or 'training'. Education is
something which is imposed from outside. It is external growth through activities and
experience. The teacher, through education provides instructions and gives direction
to mould his abilities.
• 4) 'E+duco' - The term education has been derived from the Latin word 'E+duco,. The
term 'E' means 'out of' and 'duco' means 'to lead,.The child has inherited potentialities. It
is inborn. It should be developed, but how and by whom? It is possible through
education and by the active co-operation of the teacher.
• 5) 'Educatus' - The term education has been derived from the Latin word 'educatus'.
The term 'educatus'means 'to bring up', 'rear', 'educate'.
• 6) 'Educatio' - The term education has been derived from the Latin word 'educatio'.
The term 'educatio' means 'a breeding', 'a bringing up', 'a rearing'.
• The Greek words 'Pedagogy' is sometimes used for education.