1.

NOMINATION
• Suggesting or agreeing on a topic; starting the
conversation.
• Examples:
• Let’s talk about….
• Would you like to talk about…?
• I’m interested to know about….
• Do you know…?
• How about…?
2. RESTRICTION
• Excluding(restricting) all other topics.
• Examples:
• May we just talk about this for now and lay other
matters on the table?
• Please expound on the topic and nothing else.
• This is the only topic we will cover today.
3. TOPIC CONTROL
• Sticking to the topic throughout the discussion;
topic restriction.
• Examples:
• Point of order, please?
• May I remind everyone that the topic is …?
• We are talking about … here, right?
• Let’s go back to the topic.
4. TOPIC SHIFTING
• Going from one to another.
• Examples:
• Excuse me, may we talk about this before we discuss
the topic at hand further?
• Can we talk about … instead?
• Can we also consider this?
• Talking about…, we can also include….
5. TURN-TAKING
• Each gives others a chance to speak; while one has the
floor, others listen.
• Examples: Verbal cues:
• When the speaker asks a question
• when the current speaker trails off, giving a cue for another
to take over
• That’s all!
• That’s what I have to say on this matter
• That’s it! Thank you!
5. TURN-TAKING
• Each gives others a chance to speak; while one has the
floor, others listen.
• Examples: Nonverbal cues
• nod to the next by the current speaker
• an extended open hand directed to the next speaker
• touching or tapping the hand or shoulder of the next speaker
• raised eyebrows calling for answer.
6. REPAIR
• Used when the speaker is not understood by the
receiver.
• Examples: Listener may say:
• I’m sorry. I did not quite catch what you said. Can you please
repeat it?
• Excuse me, what did you say again?
• I’m sorry, I did not hear the last word.
• Did you say…?
• You said… Did I get you right?
7. TERMINATION
• Winding up or ending a discussion.
• Examples:
• Well, that’s it!
• Thank you for listening.
• Thank you for your ideas. I really appreciate your
participation.
• Let’s continue the discussion next meeting.
• Let’s call it a day!