Communicative strategies are techniques on how to deal
Topic Control
with difficulties encountered when communicating.
1.Nomination
A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and
productively establish a topic. Basically, when you employ
this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are
talking to.
It is presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and
saying only what is relevant is a strategy that can also be
applied any time during the course of an interaction as a way
of continuing the communication. When this strategy is
used, the topic is introduced in a clear and truthful manner,
stating only what is relevant to keep the interaction focused.
• Examples:
• "Do you have anything to say?"
• "Have you heard the news about the prettiest girl
in school?"
• "Now, it’s your turn to ask questions."
• "Does that make sense to you?"
2. Restriction
• Restriction in communication refers to any limitation you
may have as aspeaker.
• Also, this strategy constrains or restricts the Response of
the other person involved in the Communication Situation.
The Listener is forced to respond only within a set of
categories that is made by the Speaker.
➢ Examples:
➢ In your class, you might be asked by your teacher to
brainstorm on peer pressure.
➢ When you were asked to deliver a speech in a specific
language.
3. Turn-Taking
Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people decide
who takes the conversational floor. There is a code of
behavior behind establishing and sustaining a productive
conversation, but the primary idea is to give all
communicators a chance to speak.
Recognizing when and how to speak because it is one’s turn
requires that each speaker speaks only when it is his/ her turn
during interaction. Knowing when to talk depends on
watching out for the verbal and nonverbal cues that signal the
next Speaker that the previous Speaker has finished or the
topic under discussion has been exhausted and a new topic
may be introduced. At the same time, it also means that others
should be given the opportunity to take turn.
Turn-taking Communicative Strategy uses either an informal
approach (just jump in and start talking) or a formal
approach (permission to speak is requested).
Example:
• Can we all listen to the one who talk in front of
us?
• "Excuse me? I think we should speak one at a
time, so we can clearly understand what we want to
say about the topic."
• "Go on with your ideas. I'll let you finish first
before I say something."
4.
Topic control covers how procedural formality and
informality affects the development of topics in conversation.
This only means that when a topic is initiated, it should be
collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions
and topic shifts.
Keeping the interaction going by asking questions and
eliciting a response
This is simply a question-answer formula that moves the
discussion forward.This also allows the Listener or other
participants to take turns, contribute, ideas, and continue the
discussion.
Example:
➢ "One of the essential lessons I gained from the
discussion is the importance of sports and wellness
to a healthy lifestyle."
5. Topic Shifting
• Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving
from one topic to another. In other words, it is where one
part of a conversation ends and where another begins.
• It is introducing a new topic followed by the continuation
of that topic
• It is also a strategy that is useful in introducing another
topic. This strategy works best when there is follow-through
so that new topic continues to be discussed.
• Examples:
"By the way, there's a new shop opening at the mall"
“In addition to what you said about the beautiful girl is that
she is also smart."
6. Repair
• Repair refers to how speaker address the problems in
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation.
• It is overcoming communication breakdown to send more
comprehensible messages.
• Examples:
➢ "Excuse me, but there are 5 Functions of
Communication not 4."
➢ "I'm sorry, the word should be pronounced as pretty not
priti.".
7. Termination
• Termination refers to the conversation of participants’
close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation.
• It uses verbal and nonverbal signals to end the interaction.
• It ends the interaction through verbal and nonverbal
Messages that both Speaker and Listener send to each other.
Sometimes the Termination is quick and short. Sometimes it
is prolonged by clarification, further questions, or the
continuation of the topic already discussed, but the point of
the language and body movement is to end the
communication.
• Examples:
➢ "Best regards to your parents! See you around!
➢ “It was nice meeting you. Bye!"
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

1. An informative speech provides the audience with a

clear understanding of a concept or idea. The lectures of
your teachers are the best examples of this type.
2. An entertainment speech amuses the audience. The
humorous speeches of comedians and performers are the
best examples of this type.
3. A persuasive speech seeks to provide the audience with
favorable or acceptable ideas that can influence their own
ideas and decisions. The campaign speeches of the running
candidates for government posts are the best examples of
this type.