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Specification of CTS:: Saturated Values of Rated Burden Are
Specification of CTS:: Saturated Values of Rated Burden Are
CTs are defined in terms of rated burden, accuracy class and accuracy limit.
Two accuracy classes (5% & 10 %) are quoted 5P & 10P which give a
composite error at rated accuracy limit. The method of describing at CT is
as following.
15 VA class 5P20
It means the burden is 15 and will not have more than 5% error at 20 times its
rated current.
Example:
The normal burden of an over current relay is VA at setting, where the
normal setting range of the relay is 50% to 200% of nominal current.
There for a 1 A relay set to 50% would have:
If the characteristic of the relay should be maintained up to 20 times the relay setting, then
the Vkp not less than 20 * 6 V=120 V for a 50% setting
Or 20 * 1.5V= 30 V for a 200% setting.
However, the relay operating at 20 times its setting will have saturated
magnetically and therefore the impedance will be reduced. Hence,
in the case of the lowest setting core must be taken when
specifying.
3VA
15V
0 .2 A
Voltage transformers VTs
Accuracy
VTs usually have range of voltage from 80% to 120 % and range
of burden from 25 % to 100 %. In protection when voltage
suppressed, accuracy measurement may be important during
fault condition.
Protection:
The primary side of VTs are usually protected by HRC fuses and fuses
or miniature circuit breaker on the secondary side
Residual Connection:
During earth fault of any one of the three phases, it is not possible to derive a
voltage in the conventional manner. Therefore, the residual (broken delta)
connection as shown in figure (3.5) must be used. Under the three-phase
balanced conditions the three voltage sum to zero. If one voltage is absent
during fault condition, then the difference in voltages between the phases
will be delivered to the relay
General philosophies :
What is a relay?
Protection is the science, skill, and art of applying and setting and / or fuses to
provide maximum sensitivity to fault and undesirable condition.
Protective relays provide the "brains" to same trouble ,but as low energy device
they are able to open and isolate the problem area of the power system .
CBs and varions types of circuit interrupters are used to provide the
"muscle" for fault isolation .
Thus protective relays and interrupting devices are "team" . protective relays
without CBs have no basic value except for alarm. On the other hand , CBs
without protective relays are only energized or de energized manually.
Different type of voltages of typical CBs are shown in fig (1-7 &1-8).
Typical relay & CB connection :
Usually protective relays are connected to power system through CT and/or
VT. The circuit can be represented by a typical "one-line'" ac schematic and
dc trip circuit schematic as shown in fig (1-9) . in normal operation and when
CB(52) is closed , it is contact closes to energize the CB trip coil 52T, which
function to open breaker main contact and de energize the connected
circuit. The relay contacts are not designed to interrupt the CB trip coil
current so an auxiliary relay is used to "seal in" or by pass the protective
relay. Then 52a will open to de energize the breaker coil.
Fig-1.9 Typical single –line ac connection of a protective relay with its de trip schematic
Basic objectives of system protection :
i) Protective Relays:
Protective relays and fuses operate on the intolerable power system
conditions. They are applied to all parts of the power system;
generates, buses, TFs, TLs, distribution lines and feeds, motors,
loads, capacitors banks and reactors. Fuses are usually used for low
voltage level (480 V).
Induction Relays
Torque id produced by applying two alternating fields to a moveable disk, which are
displaced in space and time.
I
I I
b a
t
The applied torque would accelerate the disc to a speed limited only by friction and windage
control can be done by two ways:
1- By permanent magnet whose field passes through the disk and produces a breaking force ,
which control the time characteristic of the relay .
2- By control spring which produces a torque proportional to disc angular disc placement.
Which is an inverse time characteristic…
Over current protection:
The standard relay characteristic:
t = 3*(log M)-1 = (3)/(log M)
where, M: multiple of setting.
Figure (9.1)
Discrimination by current :
Fault currents varies with the fault positions due to the difference in impedances relays are set at a
tapered values such that only the relay nearest to the fault trips its CB, Fig (9.2).
iii- Discrimination by Both Time and Current:-
Because of the limitation imposed by two previous methods, a time / current characteristic has
evolved . The following example illustrates this method of coordination clearly .