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Mechanical Technoloy: Laws of Perfect Gases Methods of Heating and Expanding Gases and Vapors . Examples
Mechanical Technoloy: Laws of Perfect Gases Methods of Heating and Expanding Gases and Vapors . Examples
Lecture 6
Laws of perfect gases
Methods of heating and Expanding
Gases and Vapors…. Examples
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Specific heats
The specific heat is the energy required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree C.
Liquids and solids have one specific heat.
A gas is having two distinct specific heats. A gas may be
heated either at constant volume or at constant pressure.
Physically, the specific heat at constant volume cv can be
viewed as the energy required to raise the temperature of
the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the volume
is maintained constant.
The energy required to do the same as the pressure is
maintained constant is the specific heat at constant pressure
cp
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Specific heats
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Specific heats
we introduce another ideal-gas property called the specific
heat ratio k, defined as k = cp/cv
For air , cp= 0.24, and cv= 0.171. so k = 1.4
The specific ratio also varies with temperature, but this
variation is very mild.
For monatomic gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton,
xenon and radon), its value is essentially constant at
1.667.
Many diatomic gases “hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen
(O2), fluorine (F2), and chlorine (Cl2)”, including air, have a
specific heat ratio of about 1.4 at room temperature.
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Specific heats
A substance whose specific volume (or density) is constant
is called an incompressible substance.
The specific volumes of solids and liquids essentially
remain constant during a process
Cp= Cv= C (For incompressible substance)
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
A compressible fluid (gas or vapor) may be compressed by
reducing its volume or expanded by increasing its volume.
This may be done inside a cylinder by moving a piston or
by allowing the pressure to change as it flows through a
system such as a turbine.
For ease of understanding, let us consider the change as
occurring inside a cylinder. The process is best explained
with a pressure -volume graph.
When the volume changes, the pressure and temperature
may also change.
The resulting pressure depends upon the final temperature.
The final temperature depends on whether the fluid is
cooled or heated during the process. It is normal to show
these changes on a graph of pressure plotted against
volume (p-V graphs).
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
A typical graph for a compression and an expansion process
is shown in below figure.
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
Depending on whether the fluid is heated or cooled, a family
of such curves is obtained as shown in the below figure.
Each graph has a different value of n and n is called the
index of expansion or compression.
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
n= ∞
n= 0
n= 1
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Methods of heating and expanding gases and
vapors
Hyperbolic expansion
A gas or vapor may be expanded in such a way that the pressure multiplied by volume
remains constant during the whole of expansion. (i.e., n= 1)
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
Example 1
Example 2
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
Example 3
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
Free Expansion: Free expansion occurs when a fluid is allowed to
expand suddenly into a vacuum chamber through an orifice of large
dimensions.
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
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Methods of heating and expanding gases
and vapors
Assignment No 2
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Work done by Gas or vapour in expanding
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Example
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Hint: Lecture 5, Example 4-3
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Laws of perfect gases
Joules Law: This law states that the internal energy of
a gas is a function of temperature. It follows that a
change in internal energy is proportional to the change
of temperature.
U= Cv(T2-T1)
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Reversible Process
A reversible process is defined as a process that can be reversed
without leaving any trace on the surroundings.
That is, both the system and the surroundings are returned to their
initial states at the end of the reverse process.
This is possible only if the net heat and net work exchange
between the system and the surroundings is zero for the combined
(original and reverse) process.
Reversible processes actually do not occur in nature. They are
merely idealizations of actual processes.
Reversible processes can be approximated by actual devices, but
they can never be achieved.
“Wasted” energy must be nonzero.
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Irreversible Process
Processes that are not reversible are called irreversible
processes.
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