1.

Linear motion – straight or

curved line. Motion along a
line. All parts same speed /
direction.

2. Angular motion – circle or

part of a circle. Movement
around a fixed point or axis.

3. General motion – combination of

linear and angular motion
1. Pure linear motion

2. Pure angular motion

3. General motion

You need to be able to explain why they are

each type of motion
A push or pull that alters or tends to
alter, the state of motion of a body

“A force is that which alters or tends to alter a

body’s state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line.”

If a body changes direction or speed, a force has been

applied
 Can it move something that is still to
move?
 E.G.,
A. Cause a body at rest to move

B. Cause a moving body to change

direction, accelerate or decelerate

C. Change an object’s shape.

 Effect of force Example:

A force can cause a body at

rest to move F exerted by foot – moves the ball from rest

A force can cause a moving

body to change direction F exerted by GK hands redirects the ball

A force can cause a moving

body to accelerate More F into kick = greater acceleration of the ball

A force can cause a moving

body to decelerate Wind resistance decelerates the ball
GK hands decelerates the ball

A force can cause a body to

change its shape Ball out of shape on kick / foot contact
 Effect of force Example:

A force can cause a

body at rest to F by leg muscles to move the ‘returner’ into position
move

A force can cause a

moving body to Force of racket (body muscles) will be exerted onto ball and send
change direction ball in new direction (direction on the F applied)

A force can cause a

moving body to Greater muscular F exerted via racket to ball = greater acceleration
accelerate of ball to server (lighter ball = greater acceleration too).

A force can cause a

moving body to Wind in opposing direction decelerates ball.
decelerate Resistance, so decelerates ball (gives more time before contact)
Time in air = greater gravitational deceleration
A force can cause a
body to change its Racket contact with ball – ball warped (and racket)
shape
 Effect of force
A force can cause a body at rest
to move
A force can cause a moving
body to change direction
A force can cause a moving
body to accelerate
A force can cause a moving
body to decelerate
A force can cause a body to
change its shape
Example:
Unless net (unbalanced) F acts, sprinters will stay in blocks
– still
F from muscles and arms, pushes on blocks (N3L) and
pushes sprinter to change direction out of blocks.
Greater F – Quicker start time out of blocks and
acceleration down track
Greater wind resistance decelerates the sprinter
Air resistance – sprinters cheeks!
Drive from blocks – footwear and foot flatten / expand
with F application
 Size of the force

 Direction of the force

 Without forces being
applied, there will be
no change in motion!

 Whether still of
moving.
 Sir Isaac Newton

3 Laws of Motion :

1 INERTIA
2 ACCELERATION
3 ACTION & REACTION
 This is the law of inertia, and
states:

 ‘Everybody at rest, or moving

with constant velocity in a
straight line, will continue in that
state unless acted upon by an
external force exerted upon it’

 Objects tend to remain either at

rest or in straight line motion.
 In simple terms, to change the
motion of an object or
performer a force must be
applied.

 A golf ball will only move from

the tee when a force is applied
to it from the golf club

 A sprinter will only move out of

the blocks when they exert
force from their muscles
 This is the law of acceleration, and states:

 ‘The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force

causing it and the acceleration takes place in the direction
in which the force acts’

 This law describes the relationship between net force,

acceleration, and mass

 Often described as:

F = ma Force = mass x acceleration

 This law suggests that the greater
the mass of an object, the greater
the force required to give the same
amount of acceleration and also
the greater the force applied the
greater the acceleration

 For example, less force is applied

to the shuttlecock than to a shot
put in order for it to move

 F - ma
 At a constant velocity
the force of tire
friction (F1) and the
force of air resistance
(F2) have a vector
sum that equals the
force applied by the
cyclist (Fa).

 The net force is

therefore 0.
 More mass results in less
acceleration when the
same force is applied.

 With the same force

applied, the riders and
the bike with twice as
much mass will have half
the acceleration, with all
other factors constant.

 Note that the second

rider is not pedaling.
 One person is to  Those taking part
use the bats and can only agree or
balls to devise a disagree.
sporting example
to explain how  If you do disagree
mass and you take over as
acceleration the teacher.
affect each other.
 Are you able to do
the same for the
third Law?

 Those taking part

can only agree or
disagree.

 If you do disagree
you take over as
the teacher.
 This is the law of reaction, and
states:

 ‘To every action there is an

equal and opposite reaction’

 When a swimmer for example

exerts a force on the starting
blocks, the blocks exert an
equal and opposite reaction
force upon the swimmer,
propelling them into the pool
 The American football
player's foot is pushing
against the ground, but it is
the ground pushing against
the foot that accelerates
the player forward to
catch a pass.
1st Law – INERTIA - remains at set unless a
force affects them

2nd Law – ACCELERATION - push harder to

get more acceleration

3rd Law – ACTION & REACTION - action

force is muscular force, reaction force pushes
athlete off blocks
 Draw a free flow diagram
using Newton's laws of motion
to describe the resultant forces
impacting on the ball.  If you agree
with what is
being
drawn then
allow them
to continue.

 If you
disagree
then you
take over.
 The amount of material of
which it is made.

 Shot put vs foam ball

 Used to advantage in sports?

 The point at which the body is balanced
in all directions
 Distribution of mass – symmetrical

 Body position and shape –

unsymmetrical; males vs females

 Changing positions – HJ (Western Roll vs

Fosbury Flop
 With a partner one of you stand with your back
against a wall. Your heels against the wall

 Try and place a ball down on the floor without

moving your feet.

 See if your partner can place the ball further

away?
 Why do you fall
forwards?
 Or if you don’t fall
why do you feel like
falling?
 Distribution of weight around a
balance point

 The centre of a body's mass. In the

human body it is the point, which all
parts are in balance with one another.

 It is dependant on current position in

space, anatomical structure, gender.
 Relates to how difficult it is to
disturb a body from a balanced
position
 Is determined by :

 Position of athlete’s centre of mass

 Position of the athlete’s line of gravity=

a line extending from the centre of
mass vertically down to the ground.

 Size of the athlete’s area of support

 Adopt a wide stance arms down
 Adopt a wide stance arms up
 Feet together arms down
 Feet together arms up

 Is there a difference in how easy it was to

move the person?
 We talked about angular and linear
motion at the beginning of the class, so
how can we create these types of
motions?

 Investigate how you can cause these
actions using the tennis ball.
 Think about the force that you are
applying and the centre of mass.
 Linear motion – force
passes through the centre
of mass DIRECT FORCE

 Angular motion – force

passes outside the centre of
mass ECCENTRIC FORCE
Application of Type of F Type of M Egs of this
F

F passes DIRECT LINEAR •Tennis drive

•Vertical jump
through the •Shot put
C of M

F passes
•Tennis topspin or
outside the slice
C of M •Curve ball / spin
ECCENTRIC ANGULAR •Beckham free
Movement in kick
circle (part) •Golf wedge shot
around axis
of rotation
 Throw a tennis ball into the air making it
spin.
 Draw a diagram that shows the centre of
mass, the point of application of Force
Action/Reaction
 Direction of force.
 What is the scientific name given to the
force resulting in the angular motion.
 Using the bat and ball in your groups can
you cause the ball to move in a linear
motion by applying a direct force?

 Can you apply an eccentric force to

cause the body to move with an angular
motion.

 What would be a really good sporting

example?
 Draw a free flow diagram of a sprinter in
the blocks.
 Explain the Laws of motion, mass, and
force.