Lect 1,2 - 26.06.2019 PSCDM

Session 1: Principles of Smart city Development and
Management
Introduction to Introduction to Terminologies and

Phenomena in Urban Evolution
Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

NICMAR, Pune
UNDER THE DISCIPLINE OF PLANNING
•Urban and regional planning
•Town and country planning
•Environmental planning
•Human settlements planning
•City planning
• Master planning
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URBAN/ RURAL CLASSIFICATION IN
INDIA
• As per Census of India, the definition of an urban area is as follows;
1. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified

town area committee, etc.
2. All other places which satisfied the following criteria:
i) A minimum population of 5,000;
ii) At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-
agricultural pursuits; and
iii) A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
The first category of urban units is known as Statutory Towns. These

towns are notified under law by the concerned State/UT Government
and have local bodies like municipal corporations, municipalities,
municipal committees, etc., irrespective of their demographic
characteristics as reckoned on 31st December 2009.
Examples: Vadodara (M Corp.), Shimla (M Corp.) etc. The second
category of Towns (as in item 2 above) is known as Census Town.

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TERMINOLOGIES IN INDIA

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TERMINOLOGIES ABROAD (AN EXAMPLE)

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WHAT IS PLANNING
•Planning, viz. Environmental planning, urban and regional

planning, city planning, town and country planning, and/or
human settlements planning, refers to the multi-disciplinary art
and science of analyzing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing,
managing and regulating the use and development of land and
water resources, in relation to their environs, for the
development of sustainable communities and ecosystems.

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PLANNING PROCESS

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P L A N N I N G I N A N C I E N T C I V I L I Z AT I O N S

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MESOPOTAMIA
10,000 BC – 7TH CENTURY AD

Developed between Fertile
crescent” means land
between rivers
Opportunity of the Tigris and
Euphrates river systems
Water was a basis of urban
development

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MESOPOTAMIA
10,000 B C – 7TH CENTURY A D

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MESOPOTAMIA (10,000 BC – 7TH CENTURY AD)
• S U M E R W A S O N E O F THE E A R L Y CIVILIZATIONS, 1 5 CITY-STATES CREATED, R E L I G I O N W A S
POWER

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ANCIENT EGYPT
• 3,000 – 300 BC;
Religion still powerful:
AncientEgyptians
worshipped kings as
gods
• Once buried, lives
forever
• Pyramids constructed
in capital cities
• Cities of dead people
(necropolis)
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ANCIENT EGYPT

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HIPPODAMUS OF
MILETUS
(GREECE) 498-408 BC
• “Inventor / father of formal city
planning”
• Made the Hippodamian Plan or
the grid city to maximise winds
in the summer and minimise
them in winter
• Has a geometric, arranged style
in design
• Also worked on the Piraeus Port
and Alexandria

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Click icon to add picture
PIRAEUS
GRID PLANNING

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THE ROMAN
EMPIRE
29 BC – 393 AD
• Excelled in military science
and engineering
• Designs and inventions looked
at improving transport and
military strategies
• Socio-political events resulted to religious divisions, absence of military discipline, murder, and citizen unrest
• Moral decay led to the fall of Rome
• Vikings destroyed the Aqueduct

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Click icon to add picture

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THE APPIAN WAY WAS THE FIRST LONG ROAD BUILT SPECIFICALLY TO TRANSPORT TROOPS OUTSIDE
THE SMALLER REGION OF GREATER ROME (THIS WAS ESSENTIAL TO THE ROMANS). THE FEW ROADS
OUTSIDE THE EARLY CITY WERE ETRUSCAN AND WENT MAINLY TO ETRURIA. BY THE LATE REPUBLIC,
THE ROMANS HAD EXPANDED OVER MOST OF ITALY AND WERE MASTERS OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION.
VIA APPIA

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THE ROMAN FORUM

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ROMAN COLLOSEUM

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ROMAN AQUEDUCT
• H E A V I L Y D E P E N D E N T O N WATER
• ENGINEERED SEWERAGE, CANALS, HYDRAULICS

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THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
5TH – 15TH CENTURY AD
• The church and monasticism

• Rise of Islam
• Byzantine empire
• State power
• The Crusades
• Carolingian dynasty

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THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

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HIGH WALLS
CENTER OF
ACTIVITIES
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Lorenzetti_amb.effect2.jpg
RADIAL GROWTH
WITH
DEFINED
BOUNDAR
Y
CATHEDRAL
IN CENTER

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CATHEDRAL CITIES
• Cathedral or monument as a focal point of the

city
• Radial growth
• Retained the walled city from Roman practice
• Enclosure caused problems such as
epidemics and limited resources

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RENAISSANCE

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RENAISSANCE
14TH TO 17TH CENTURY AD
• Commerce as a driving factor

• Called for accessibility and mobility
• Like the Medieval Period, had a radial growth
pattern
• Plans began to follow the topography of an
area

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RENAISSANCE
FINGERS
VENICE, ITALY
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LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
1404-1472
• Wrote the De Re Aedificatoria: Ten books of

planning and design principles
Growth is
characterized by
a star-shaped
form

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GEORGES-EUGENE HAUSSMANN
1809-1891
PLAN AND RENOVATION OF PARIS

GEORGES-EUGENE
HAUSSMANN
1809-1891
RADIATIN
AVENUES
G
LINED WITH
OUTWARD
TREES
AND
POCKET
PARKS
ARC DE TRIOMPHE
AS CENTER
Paris, the best planned city

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CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

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CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
1800S – 1900S
• Emphasized beauty and aesthetics

• Think monuments, grand buildings, parks,
perfect landscapes, lakes, and circular
road systems
roman aqueducts.info Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

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DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM
1846-1912
• Father of
American City
Planning
• Together with
Frederick Law
Olmstead and John
Wellborn Root,
designed the World’s
Columbian
Exposition, the first
comprehensive
planning document in
the US Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam
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DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM
1846-1912
CHICAGO MANILA BAGUIO
• Greatest feat was the Plan of Chicago (called Paris on

a Prairie); other plans include Manila, Baguio,
Cleveland, and San Francisco

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CANBERRA

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MELBOURNE

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SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
1850 - 1928
• Wrote the book Garden Cities of Tomorrow

• Addressed population and pollution that came about by
the industrial revolution by creating garden cities

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CONNECTED BY
ROADS AND
GREEN SPACES RAILWAYS
5,000-acre
CENTRAL CITY
58,000
PEOPLE
1,000-acre
GARDEN CITIES
30,000 PEOPLE
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SIR RAYMOND UNWIN
Architect – city planner for Letchworth
Wrote Nothing Gained by Overcrowding
SIR FREDERIC JAMES OSBORN

Championed garden cities
LOUIS DE SOISSONS
Architect of Welwyn

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LE CORBUSIER
(CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET) 1887-1965
• Created the Radiant City

• Modernist, futuristic, and orderly
• But socially disadvantageous and unrealistic for
settlements
• Criticized because he tried to solve congestion with
more congestion
• Wrote the books Urbanisme and The City of Tomorrow
and Its Planning

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GRIDS
60-STOREY BOX-TYPE
HOUSES
CUBIST
BUILDINGS
AESTHETICS
ORDERLY, RATIONAL
CITY BLOCKS
LE VILLE RADIEUSE
(THE RADIANT
CITY)
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GARDEN CITY RADIANT CITY

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FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
1867-1959
• Champion and proponent of urban decentralisation

• Involved communities
• Designed the 1,000-hectare Broadacre City
• included social services in the forms of schools, trains,
and museums, as well as employment in the forms of
markets, offices, nearby farms, and industrial areas
• Plan included a helicopter, which was criticized

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RADBURN SUPERBLOCK MODEL
THOROUGHFARES
CUL-DE-SACS
GARDEN ISLAND
HOMES

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CLARENCE PERRY
1872-1944
• Conceptualized the
neighborhood unit
• Similar to the
superblock
• Bounded by major
streets
• Has a church, school,
and shops
• 200 sqm to 2 sqkm

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SIR PATRICK GEDDES
1954-1932
• Introduced the notion of a region

• Became the Father of Regional Planning
• Biologist, sociologist, and geographer
• Dissected the planning environment by analysing
occupational activities
• Used observation and rational methods
• Instead of gridiron planning, used conservative
surgery

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THE VALLEY SECTION
RIDGE-TO-REEF

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SIR PATRICK GEDDES
1954-1932
• Introduced the
term conurbation, which
means “an aggregation of
continuous network of
urban communities.”
• Emphasized the
relationships of people
and cities, thus the city-
region term.
• Used the rational planning
method of Survey
Analysis
• Wrote the book Cities in
Evolution
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SIR LESLIE PATRICK ABERCROMBIE
1954-1932
• Created the post-war plans for London, and combatted

sprawling by resettlement
• Made the London Country Plan (1944) and the Greater

London Plan (1943)

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OPEN SPACES
CENTRAL
COMMUNITIES
SHOPPING
CENTERS
SUBURBAN
COMMUNITIES
SOCIAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

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LEWIS MUMFORD
1895-1990
• A historian-sociologist who studied cities and

architecture
• From his 23 books, the most prominent in city planning
is The City in History, which pointed out how
technology and nature could be harmonious
• Gave the concept of an organic city
• Rationalised how planning has various disciplines

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MUMFORD WAS
FRIENDS WITH CITY
BEAUTIFUL
ADVOCATES FRANK
LLOYD WRIGHT,
CLARENCE STEIN, AND
FREDERIC OSBORN.
MUMFORD AND
WRIGHT EXCHANGED
TRANSATLANTIC
LETTERS ON
PROFESSIONAL AND
PERSONAL MATTERS.

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BENTON MCKAYE
1879-1975
• Originator of the 3,500 km Appalachian Trail in the

eastern United States (Georgia to Maine)
• Was a forester and conservationist, and co-founded

the Wilderness Society
• Championed regional conservationism

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THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL- A REGIOLNAL PLANNING APPROACH

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THE REGIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA
THE FOUNDERS: Clarence Stein, Benton McKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing
(a real estate developer), and Henry Wright

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EDWARD BASSETT
1863-1948
• Urban planner and lawyer who was the Father of

American Zoning.
• He was the first to use zoning as a means of

implementing land use in New York. He wrote books
about zoning.
• Also coined the term freeway and parkway

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DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA
1844-1920
• Made the concept Linear City, which has many parallel

and specialized functions

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DON ARTURO SORIA Y
MATA
1844-1920
The linear city gears away from the usual centric urban
forms. The lines help control the expansion of a city.
TONY GARNIER
1869-1948
• Made the concept Linear Industrial City, which has

many parallel and specialized functions
• Used the concept of zoning and labeled space into

leisure, industry, work, and transport

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UNE CITE INDUSTRIELLE
• Plan caters to 35,000 residents

• Follows the principles of funciton, greeneries, open
space, and exposure to the sunlight
• City is linked by circular patterns

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THOMAS ADAMS
1871-1940
• Worked primarily on low-density residences or garden

suburbs
• Founded the British Town Planning Institute
• Wrote the book Rural Planning and Development
• Pushed for planning legislation by mandate, local
plans, zoning, building regulations, and recognized
the responsibility of a licensed or professional
planner

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CITY EFFICIENT MOVEMENT

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CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS
1914-1975
• Studied the science of

human settlements,
called ekistics
• Looks into the culture,
economics, and society
in varying scales

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ISLAMABAD
GRID
PRINCIPLES
OF
EKISTICS

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FRANCIS STUART CHAPIN
1888-1974
• As a sociologist
and educator, he
stressed the
importance of
quantifying social
activities in an
evolving city
through statistics.
• He was the first to
write the
textbooks on
urban and
regional planning

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IRA LOWRY
• Published A Model of Metropolis, a computer model for

spatial organization of anthropogenic activities in a
metropolitan area
• This generates an assessment that can be the basis for
urban policy decisions
• Worked with Robert Garin on a model that looks at the
relationship and logic to the spatial arrangement of human
activities
• Expands to gravity modeling, or trip distribution in
transport planning, or distance decay in physics

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SAY IT
DISTANCE DECAY
(The farther the distance, the more interaction declines)

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/m1.jpg
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WILLIAM LEVITT
1907-1994
• Father of American Suburbia / The King of Suburbia /

The Inventor of the Suburb
• Mass produced houses that were affordable

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WHAT IS
MEANT BY
SUBURBIA?

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CARS WERE PUT
ON A PEDESTAL

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SO COMMUNITIES
BECAME GATED

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twisted sifter.com
SUCH A TERRIBLE WASTE OF SPACE.  
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CATHERINE BAUER WURSTER
1905-1964
• An advocate of social and public housing. She

authored the American Housing Act of 1937 and was
an adviser to five presidents.
• Wrote the book Modern Housing
• She also worked with Lewis Mumford

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ROBERT MOSES
1888-1981
• The Master Builder of New York
• His plans had parkways, expressways, and housing

development
• One of the most controversial figures in the history of

urban planning

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SAUL DAVID ALINSKY
1909-1972
• Founder of modern community organizing

• Wrote the book Rules for Radicals
• Worked with the poorer communities, and influenced

neighbourhood organisations

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SHERRY ARNSTEIN
1909-1972
• Social and health worker
• Published an article on the ladder of citizen

participation, which gave not only a voice but
power to the citizens.
• This addressed how citizens were being victimised,

and led the way to participatory planning.

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8 RUNGS OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
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CO-MANAGEMENT
PARTICIPATORY
Advocacies in planning
SOCIAL INCLUSION
SUSTAINABILITY
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NEW URBANISM

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GREENS
THRIVING
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
PUBLIC SPACE
PEOPLE
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JANE JACOBS
1916-2006
• An urban activist who

was strong and vocal
against urban renewal;
she fought for new
urbanism
• Wrote the powerful
book The Death and Life
of American Cities Her
book and activism led to
the eventual fall of urban
renewal towards city
diversity, mixed-use,
dense neighborhoods,
and vibrant communities.
• Also wrote the book The
Economy of Cities
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RACHEL LOUISE
CARSON
1907-1964
• A marine biologist
• Wrote the powerful book Silent Spring, a haunting
compilation and narrative of research about the
detrimental and even lethal effects of pesticides and
fertilisers on the living environment
• This book launched a global environmental
movement

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IAN MCHARG
1920-2001
• Was called an
“architect who valued a
site’s natural features”
• Transformed efforts of
traditional planning
into environmental
planning by using the
technique of sieve
mapping or overlay,
which took into account
the varied features of
the environment.
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IAN MCHARG
1920-2001
• Wrote the book Design with Nature, which triggered

responsible planning of landscapes, respecting natural
features
• Laid the foundation for Geographic Information
Systems

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https://thegreenhorns.files.wordpress.com/
2014/08/berglee-fig04_008.jpg Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam
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Theory Rural areas organize agricultural production
in support of an urban center. Distance
from the center determines the use of land.
Findings Longer distance from
market Less profitability
Easier to transport
Applicability Showed the early analysis of human behavior
or Planning and its spatial consequences
Implication

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Theory The range of good and threshold population
of retail shops and service establishments
are the major influences in explaining the
number, size and distribution patterns of
settlements.
Findings Consumers avoid higher transport costs by
going to the nearest service location.
The larger the settlements in size, the fewer in
number they will be.
The more number of settlements, the higher
order of services, and the higher the degree of
specialization that
occurs.
Applicability Provides an economic and spatial development of
or Planning regions through provision of appropriate goods
Implication and services, with establishments according to
scale. Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam
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CENTRAL PLACE THEORY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
: MALLS
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Theory A factory or plant locates where transport
and labor costs are at a minimum,
determined by cost of distance vs. weight of
raw materials, cost of labor, agglomeration
and deglomeration.
Findings The point of least transport costs is that at which
the combined weight movements involved in
assembly (from sources and in distribution is at a
minimum). If savings in labor cost is labor cost per
unit output exceeds the extra transport costs, labor
will attract the industry to the location.
Applicability Brings economics into the spatial domain.
or Planning Provides rationality in determining the location of a
Implication firm

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THIS IS WHY SLUMS
SURROUND A
BETTER OFF CITY
CENTER
BID RENT PUSHES AWAY

THOSE WHO CANNOT
MATCH THE PRICES
CREATES
CONCENTRIC
PATTERNS

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Theory The price of and demand for land changes
according to the distance from the center
(CBD). The center commands the highest
value of land because of its proximity to
business establishments and supports
services as well as the market.
Applicability Provided an explanation on why slums and
or Planning squatter settlements proliferate in areas
Implication close to the CBD or commercial centers

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LEAPFROG!

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Theory Birth, mortality rates, and population
movement are major determinants of
settlement patterns.
Findings Migration is caused by economic reasons.
Migrants tend not to go straight to their
ultimate destinations. They leapfrog.
Applicability Gives basis for migration and urban growth
or Planning studies: distance decay, push-pull studies on
Implication migration, and gravity modeling

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MIGRATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

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Theory Migration is an economic dimension of rural
dwellers where individual and household
members believe that there is a higher
expected income in urban areas.
Findings Pakikipagsapalaran
Applicability This influenced national policy on on-site and
or Planning services approach to low cost housing,
Implication resettlement, relocation and minimization of rural-
urban disparities.

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WARREN THOMSON’S 1919
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
THEORY: All countries experience demographic transition.

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MCGRANAHAN’S 2009
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY

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MCGRANAHAN’S 2009
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY

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MCGRANAHAN’S 2009
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL
TRANSITION THEORY
THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNET’S CURVE
Development Environment

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MCGRANAHAN’S 2009
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL
TRANSITION THEORY
HOUSEHOLD CITY OR COUNTRY GLOBAL

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MCGRANAHAN’S 2009
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL
TRANSITION THEORY
HOUSEHOLD CITY OR COUNTRY GLOBAL
WASTE RIVER POLLUTION GREENHOUSE

MANAGEMENT GASES

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NICMAR, Pune
Being_Volume_1_Current_State_and_Trends_Urban_Systems10.JPG
ROSTOW’S 1960
STAGES OF
GROWTH TECHNOLOGIES
AND NEW
DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIES
SELF-
SUSTAINING
ECONOMY
INDUSTRIALIZATION
AGRICULTURE

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http://www.assignmentpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Five-Stages-of-
NICMAR, Pune Development.jpg
SO MANY THINKERS!

132
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134
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BURGESS ET AL’S CONCENTRIC MODEL (1923)

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INCOME, PROFIT POTENTIAL AND
RENT DRIVE THE DIRECTION
CHICAGO’S INTERNAL URBAN

STRUCTURE IS COMPOSED OF RINGS
https://egyptgeo.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/
screen-shot-2015-04-28-at-9-08-47-am- Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam
7/8/19
e1430441496362.png 136
NICMAR, Pune
PETER MANN’S CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
(1965)

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NICMAR, Pune
uploads/2014/05/clip_image0102.jpg
PETER MANN’S CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
(1965)
COMMUTER
VILLAGE
SEPARATED FROM
BUILT-UP AREAS
FROM CHICAGO
TO BRITAIN
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NICMAR, Pune
HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939)

7/8/19 139
NICMAR, Pune
UPPER CLASS TENDS TO LOCATE

NEAR THE CBD FOR BEAUTY
WEDGE-SHAPED AND ACCESSIBILITY

7/8/19 140
NICMAR, Pune
LAND USES
REPEL OR
ATTRACT
LAND USE CHANGE

EMERGES FROM
NEW
DEVELOPMENTS
NEW NUCLEI
EMERGED

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Multiple_nuclei_model.svg/450px-Multiple_nuclei_model.svg.png NICMAR, Pune
7/8/19 142
NICMAR, Pune
Prof.
https://taylorgeoitalyisawesome.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/multiple- Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam
7/8/19 143
nuclei-model-sketch-up1.png NICMAR, Pune
http://geographylaunchpad.weebly.com/uploads/ Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam
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NICMAR, Pune
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NICMAR, Pune
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NICMAR, Pune
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NICMAR, Pune
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NICMAR, Pune
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NICMAR, Pune
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NICMAR, Pune
A PERSPECTIVE VIEW

7/8/19 152
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7/8/19 153
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THANK YOU

7/8/19
NICMAR, Pune

Lect 1,2 - 26.06.2019 PSCDM

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Lect 1,2 - 26.06.2019 PSCDM

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Session 1: Principles of Smart city Development and

Introduction to Introduction to Terminologies and

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

•Urban and regional planning

•Town and country planning

•Human settlements planning

1. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified

The first category of urban units is known as Statutory Towns. These

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

•Planning, viz. Environmental planning, urban and regional

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

10,000 BC – 7TH CENTURY AD

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• 3,000 – 300 BC;

Religion still powerful:

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• Designs and inventions looked

at improving transport and

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• The church and monasticism

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• Cathedral or monument as a focal point of the

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• Commerce as a driving factor

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• Wrote the De Re Aedificatoria: Ten books of

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

PLAN AND RENOVATION OF PARIS

Paris, the best planned city

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• Emphasized beauty and aesthetics

roman aqueducts.info Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

CHICAGO MANILA BAGUIO

• Greatest feat was the Plan of Chicago (called Paris on

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• Wrote the book Garden Cities of Tomorrow

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

SIR FREDERIC JAMES OSBORN

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• Created the Radiant City

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam

• Champion and proponent of urban decentralisation

Prof. Bageshree Yeolekar-Kadam