CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

At Orange City Street Project, NAGPUR

This project report is submitted to

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University
in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Architecture
by

Ms. URVASHI U. BAGDE

(AR18009)

Under the guidance of

Mrs. PRERNA CHAHANDE
Assistant Professor

2022-2023
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
KAVIKULGURU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE RAMTEK,

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 NAGPUR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA- 441 106
KAVIKULGURU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYAND SCIENCE, RAMTEK,
NAGPUR M.S., INDIA-441 106

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled ‘Climate Responsive Residential
Building at Orange City Street Project, Nagpur’ was carried out by Ms. Urvashi U.
Bagde (AR18009) of the B.Arch. the final year of architecture, during the academic
year 2022-2023, in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Architecture offered by the Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj
Nagpur University, Nagpur.

Mrs. Prerna Chahande

Guide

Ar. Kalpana Thakare Dr. Avinash Shrikhande

Head of the Department Principal

Date:

2
Place: Ramtek

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my respected guide Mrs. Prerna Chahande for her kind, disciplined,
and invaluable guidance which inspired me to solve all the difficulties that came
across during the completion of the project.

I express my special thanks to Ar. Kalpana Thakare, Head of the Department, for her
kind support, and valuable suggestions, and for allowing me to use all facilities that are
available in the department during this project.

My sincere thanks to Dr. Avinash N. Shrikhande, Principal, for extending all the
possible help and allowing me to use all resources that are available in the Institute.

I am also thankful to my Parent and Friends for their valuable corporation and for
standing with me in all difficult conditions.

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CONTENTS
Chapter 1
1.1. Introduction
Chapter 2
2.1. Intents
 Aim
 Objectives
 Scope
 Limitations
 Methodology
Chapter 3
3.1. Literature Review
 Data collection
 Data analysis
Chapter 4
4.1. Case Studies
Case study I
Case study II
Case study III
Case study and Analysis and Inferences
Chapter 5
5.1. Site analysis
Chapter 6
6.1. Bibliography and References
Chapter 7
7.1. Design Plates

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 CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
at Orange City Street Project, NAGPUR
INTRODUCTION

Food habits change with the seasons as food availability changes. Clothing is changed
according to the season to keep oneself comfortable in various climatic conditions. To
maintain body temperature in the summer, when the outside heat is higher, loose cotton
clothing is preferred, whereas in the winter, sweaters are preferred to gain body
temperature.

But, in the case of shelter, which is one of the basic human needs, one can’t afford to
build a house according to the season. It is a constant thing, and the factors of cost and
time consumption make it almost impossible to construct a dwelling every season.

Nature provides a permanent form of shelter. The building's occupants' climatic aspect,
economy, and lifestyle must all be considered when designing. A structure is going to
encounter such changes throughout its lifespan. It should be sustainable enough to cater
to and survive against such changes.

For example, if a particular habitable room has no windows and a fan, one can
sometimes feel comfortable in the summer. But it would be too cold in the winter.

Hence, buildings should respond to climatic changes. It should cater to different types of
climatic conditions in that particular area. Climate-responsive building design means
keeping an environment within a comfortable range to keep people comfortable.

The function of the residential building is basically to provide shelter from rain and
spells of extreme heat and cold, privacy, and safe storage of possessions.

Since the beginning, man has been affected by the climate. The primitive man took
shelter in caves to protect himself from the ills of the climate. With the passage of time
and knowledge, he began to create his residents to meet his various needs. Civilization
arose alongside the emergence of society.

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In this world, an energy crisis is a growing illness, and different ways have been sorted
out in different fields of application to tackle this problem.

Our built environment is also a large consumer of energy, so it is the right time to
analyse energy issues related to the built environment and increase the energy efficiency
of the components related to the environment.

On this planet, various forms of energy are available; the most abundant and dependable
source of energy is solar energy, and cultivating this energy to its full potential is the
goal of this century.

More than a generation ago, at a very different moment in the 12 th century, "design with
climate" was the insightful 1963 title of a pivotal architectural text by Victor Olgyay. It
was a call for richer architectural responses based on the interaction of building form
and detail with local climate conditions. A decade later, the Manual of Tropical Housing
by Koenigsberger (1973) expanded both the technical vocabulary and the geographical
territory. Those modest and explicit proposals published in the USA and Britain were
pioneering ones that conceived climate as an enrichment of architectural purpose. They
anticipated a pyramidal global expansion of industrialization in construction and culture.

Now at the threshold of a new century, we are at the end of an era of eccentric expansion
and optimism driven by accelerated industrialism and consumption in many places. This
is a moment of uncertainty. A sense of frustration and disappointment has emerged,
based on the inability of capitalism and mass production to bring rewards to all. Global
climate changes and local economic degradation, to say nothing of massive resource
depletion, are the new realities. Polluted air, dirty water, disappearing forests, and
eroding topsoil abound globally. Suddenly, those old instructions to "design with
climate" attain not only a new meaning and necessity but also an accelerated urgency.
Although those books were written to demonstrate what is possible through the design
of the built environment, they now represent what is ethically required.

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What is Climate Responsive Building?
The building design is complex and involves the building being built around complex
parameters of the natural environment. The buildings were designed keeping in mind the
impact of the climate on them, and so was the use of local materials or native
technologies, that did not harm the local microclimate of the place at large.
The structure relies on climate-responsive building design to provide thermally suitable
living conditions for the residents. Although the basic goal of created spaces remains the
same in modern times, namely to provide inhabitants with healthy and comfortable
living circumstances.
STUDY ABOUT
1. Mahoney table –
 Recommendations got through the by preparing Mahoney Table will be
implemented in a design.
2. Sun Path Diagram –
 By studying Sun Path Diagram, we could get sun directions for all day in
the years.
 By studying this we can design shading devices in our design, also we
could get more heating spaces and directions that can be used for the
design for heat gain in any structure.
3. Wind Speed and Direction –
 The data on annual wind speed and direction is essential for
designing any structure with natural ventilation.
ANALYSIS
Nagpur is considered under the composite climate but when we study it briefly, we can
say it is a composite climate but with more heat gain due to some geographical
conditions:
 More non-vegetation land as compared to the composite climatic zone.
 City surrounded by lots of mills in around 200 km which is the cost of
heat ammunition. (Mill in Chandrapur, Umred, Kanhan, Katol, etc)
 Much more power plants near the city surrounding. (Some power plants
in Koradi, Chandrapur, Boti bori, Amravati, Tiroda, etc.)
So, all recommendations with more focus on temperature control in the building.

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AIM –
The goal is to study and design a Residential Apartment by using a climate-responsive
building.
OBJECTIVE –
 To study the site issues and situations.
 To study the Nagpur devolvement plan and conceptual drawings of the site.
 To study the government norms and buildings bylaws.
 To understand the residential zone on-site in the context of the residential
building according to project conditions.
 To understand the climate-responsive buildings and their parameters.
SCOPE –
 Use of innovative materials and technology.
 The design intends to focus on architectural issues with the site.
LIMITATION –
 The design of the project is limited to the selected site and the climatic
conditions thereby.
 In design will focus is only on planning with using of passive simple
techniques.
METHODOLOGY –
Discussion

Topic Finalization

Finalization of Synopsis

Literature Study Live Cases Study Site Study

 Data Collection  Site Analysis

 Bye laws  Climatic analysis

Analysis and Inferences

Pre-Finalization of Design

Finalization Design

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Climate Responsive Architecture
Buildings that are built to the local climate are less likely to use excessive energy and
hurt the environment. By reducing the building's artificial energy use, the climate-
responsive design aims to provide a comfortable interior. A building that adapts to the
local climate is said to be "climate sensitive." Seasonality, sun intensity, wind, rainfall,
humidity, and information on the region's weather trends are all taken into account in the
design.
The climate-responsive architecture uses the natural shading provided by the
surrounding environment and terrain to create attractive structures that ensure the
comfort of their users as well as structures that are more energy efficient. It takes into
account the local climate (temperature, historical weather patterns, etc.), as well as the
sun's orientation (sun path and solar position), site-specific environmental conditions
(such as wind, rainfall, humidity), and seasonality.
According to Indian architect B.V. Doshi, "Historically designed settings are a product
of responses to several causes in society." Physically, it required the study of orientation,
climate, building materials, and construction techniques; spiritually, it required the
knowledge of architectural form in daily life as well as seasonal rituals. (Doshi 1985)

(Figure – Map of India indicating the 5 climatic zones)

(Source: ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code, 2007)

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Climatic Zones in India
The diversity of India is also reflected in its climate due to the various geographical
features around and within its boundaries. India is located in the tropical climate zone,
where high temperatures are usual. Within its borders, the country is divided into five
climatic zones, as indicated in the figure, ranging from north to south and east to west.
India’s climatic zones are as follows:
1) Hot – Dry
2) Warm – Humid
3) Composite
4) Temperate
5) Cold
Design principles and elements for achieving climate-responsive architecture for
composite climate
1) Building form and pattern –
 The structure must be low-rise and compact.
 It is better to have buildings with a courtyard.
 For most of the year, a somewhat compact internal layout of the
house will be beneficial.
 Buildings should be clustered to take advantage of the prevailing
winds during the short time when air movement is necessary.
 It is best to build a relatively dense, low-rise development to cover
outdoor areas, provide mutual shading for the exterior walls, and
protect from the wind during the colder months.
 Reduced radiation-exposed surfaces and protection from dust.
 As long as the roof has a low transmittance and adequate thermal
capacity, shading walls are desirable.
2) Building Orientation –
 Preferably, the structure should be situated in the northeast and
southwest directions.
 Less radiation and more natural light and ventilation are obtained as a
result.

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  Proper orientation also helps in receiving natural light and ventilation.

(Figure – Building Orientation)

(Source – From Orientation by NZEB Net Zero Energy Buildings)

3) Roofs and walls –

 For a 9–12-hour time lag in heat transfer, solid masonry or concrete

should be used in the construction of roofs and exterior walls.
 External walls or roofs should have resistance insulation installed on
the exterior surfaces.
 The advantages of the high thermal capacity of the walls and roof
would only be reduced by inside insulation.
 To distribute radiation heat to the inhabited area, the passive collector
storage mass was relocated from the building's floor and walls to the
roof.

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 (Figure – Thermal Comfort)
(Source – Thermal Comfort by NZEB Net Zero Energy Buildings)

4) Openings –
 Orientation of buildings is determined by two factors:
- Towards the breeze prevailing during the warm-humid season,
to utilize its cooling effect.
- Towards the sun during the cold season, to utilize the heating
effect of radiation entering through the windows.
 Large openings in opposite walls are suitable which helps in cross
ventilation.

(Figure –The figure above shows insulation position for air-conditioned and
naturally ventilated spaces in a building in warm climate. Insulation should
always be placed on the warmer side of the envelope. In warm climates,
insulation should be installed on the outside and in cold climates, on the inside.)
(Source – Insulation by NZEB Net Zero Energy Buildings)

5) External Spaces –
 Due to its ability to block winds and trap sunlight, a courtyard is a
comfortable outdoor area for most of the year.

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  The courtyard should be planned so that it provides shade during the
summer and allows sunlight to enter during the winter.
 For outdoor living spaces that provide shade, protection from the rain,
and reduction of glare from the sky, composite climates require large
projecting eaves and broad verandahs.

6) Ventilation and Condensation –

 Position of openings:
- In buildings, air movements must be insured through the
spaces mostly used by occupants through the living zone (up
to 2m high).
 Size of openings:
- The largest air velocity will be obtained through a small inlet
opening with a large outlet.
- The west arrangement is full wall openings on both sides with
adjustable sashes or closing devices which can assist in
channeling the airflow in the required direction.
 Controls of openings:
- A gap between the building face and canopy would ensure
downward pressure. Thus, a flow is directed into the living
zone.
7) Building Materials –
 The general building materials:
- Brick and Stone masonry
- Concrete slab
- Use of eco-friendly materials because a product that has been
designed to least possibly damage the environment.
8) Building Envelope -
 Natural ventilation –
Openings in opposite pressure zones are necessary for efficient
natural ventilation. Tall areas in a building, such as stacks, chimneys,
and so on, can help improve natural ventilation. Warm air can exit

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 through holes at the tallest stacks, whilst cooler air enters the building
through openings near the lowest stacks.

(Figure – Natural Ventilation)

(Source – Natural Ventilation System Design by Lareine Engineering)

 Control solar gains

Solar Control coatings can be used to reduce solar gain in an area with a
lot of glazing. The amount of solar gain is decreased by these coatings
because they limit the amount of solar radiation that may enter a space
through the glazing.

(Figure – Heat transmission in a single glazing clear glass)

(Source – NZEB Net Zero Energy Buildings)
 Sun shading –

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 Sun shading devices ensure a greater level of comfort for those inside the
building as they block sunlight and reduce the amount of solar gain. This
ultimately makes the indoor environment better for occupants as it
balances the temperature, humidity, and intensity of light.
COMPOSITE CLIMATE
A composite climate displays the characteristics of hot and dry, warm and humid, as
well as a cold climate. The designs here are guided by longer-prevailing climatic
conditions. The duration of the "uncomfortable" period in each season has to be
compared to derive an order of priorities. Because India is a tropical country, the
majority of the design requirements would be related to cooling.
Natural lighting in composite climates varies greatly due to overcast and clear sky
conditions. The daylighting must be controlled so that maximum illumination is shaded
in the winter and minimum illumination is shaded in the summer. For this purpose,
movable shading devices are recommended.
CHARATERISTICS
This zone covers the central part of India. Some of the cities that experience this type of
climate are New Delhi, Kanpur, Allahabad, and Nagpur. The typical climate
characteristics of this zone are described as follows:
1) Landscape and Vegetation
Variable landscapes and seasonal vegetation characterise this zone.

2) Solar Radiation

In summer, the intensity of solar radiation is very high, with only a small fraction
of diffuse radiation. In monsoons, the intensity is low with predominantly diffuse
radiation.

3) Ambient Temperature

In summer, the maximum daytime temperature is in the range of 34–430 °C

during the day and 4–100 °C at night. A hot and dry climate is not included in
the composite.

4) Relative Humidity

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 The relative humidity is about 20–30% in dry periods and 55–95% in wet
periods. The presence of high humidity in monsoon months is one of the reasons
why places like New Delhi and Nagpur are grouped in the composite climate and
not the hot and dry climate.

5) Precipitation

Precipitation in this zone varies between 500 and 1300 mm per year.

6) Wind

This region has strong winds during the monsoons from the south-east and dry,
cold winds from the north-east. In summer, the winds are hot and dusty.

7) Sky Condition

The sky is overcast and dull in the monsoon. During winter it is clear, and there
is an occasional haze in summer.

Generally, composite regions experience higher humidity levels during monsoons than
hot and dry zones. Otherwise, most of their characteristics are similar to those of hot and
dry. Thus, the design criteria are more or less the same as for hot and dry climates,
except that high ventilation is desirable in the monsoon period.

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OBJECTIVES
1) Resist heat gain in summer and
Resist heat loss in winter.
 Decrease exposed surface area
 Increase thermal resistance
 Increase thermal capacity (time
bag)
 Increase butter spaces
 Decrease air exchange rate
 Increase shading
 Increase surface reflectively
2) Promote heat loss in summer
monsoon
 Ventilation of appliances
 Increase air exchange
(Ventilation)
 Increase humidity levels in dry
summer
 Decrease humidity in monsoon
(Figure - Composite Region)
(Source – ARC 306 Green Building)
PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION
 Orientation and shape of building,
use of trees as wind barriers.
 Roof insulation and wall
insulation
 Thicker walls
 Air locks / balconies
 Weather stripping
 Walls, glass surfaces protected by
overhangs tins and trees.
 Pale colour. Glazed China mosaic
tiles, etc.
 Provide exhausts
rate  Courtyards/ wind towers/
arrangement of openings
 Trees and water ponds for
evaporation cooling
 Dehumidifiers / desiccant cooling
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DESIGN STRATEGIES AS PER COMPOSITE CLIMATE ZONE FOR
VARIOUS SEASONS

Necessitates Summer Winter Monsoon

period period period
Reduction in the ingress of heat during the day
(by insulation, thermal mass, buffer spaces,
orientation, shading, etc.)
Introduction of naturally (through use of
courtyard, wind towers, properly positioned
windows, etc.) or mechanically pre- cooled air,
into the building with adequate air- flow during
the day.
Adequacy of airflow of naturally (through the use
of courtyard, wind towers, properly positioned
windows, etc.) or mechanically pre cooled air
during the night.
Reduction of the temperature variation within the
building during the daylight, in comparison to
temperature variation in the ambient temperature.
Adequacy air changes, as required by the
activities within buildings and the density of the
occupancy.
Reduction in the ingress of cold into the building
during the day as well as during night (by
insulation, buffer spaces, orientation, weather
stripping, etc.)
Reduction in the air changes, without
compromising with the minimum requirements
for the activities, as well as for the density of the
occupancy.
Reduction in the egress of heat from within the
building spaces during the day as well as during
the night.
Adequacy of natural ventilation/air changes in all
spaces, as per requirement of maintaining indoor
air quality.
Marginal reduction in the ingress of cold into the
building during the day as well as during the
night.
Reduction in the ingress of heat from outside into
the building (by insulation, thermal mass, buffer
spaces, orientation, shading, etc.)
Substantive increase in the airflow/velocity/air
changes during the day as well as the night.

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 Reduction of humidity within the building
throughout the day and night (using
dehumidifiers, desiccant cooling, etc.)
Substantive increase in the natural ventilation in
all spaces.
(Source – Green Building)
MAHONEY TABLE
 When the climatic pattern emerging from the data clearly corresponds to warm-
humid or hot-dry climate types, it is relatively easy to arrive performance
specifications.
 In composite climate the seasonal requirements may be contradictory.
 A weighting system must be used to assess the relative importance of
conflicting requirements.
 The system must take into account the duration and severity of the various
climatic factors.
 Based on such a system, a series of tables have been derived by “C Mahoney”.
 Table 1 – to record the most essential climatic data
 Table 2 – facilities a diagnosis of the climate and develops a series of climatic
indicators.
 Table 3 – translates into performance specifications or sketch design
recommendations.

Although the tables have been developed for composite climates, they may be used for
the diagnosis of any climate.
Table – 1 (First Part)

Location

Longitude

Latitude

Altitude

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D High AMT

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 Monthly mean max

Monthly mean min

Monthly mean range Low AMR

(Air Temperature: 0 C)
Table 1 is used to assemble temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind data.

 From meteorological records enter the monthly mean maximum and mean
minimum air temperature values in the first two lines. All values should be
rounded to the nearest 0.5 0 C.
 Find the mean range for each month by deducting the mean minimum from the
mean maximum values (second line from the first) and enter these in the third
line.
 In the separate box on the right enter the highest of the twelve maxima and the
lowest of the twelve minima respectively.
 By adding these two values and dividing it by two find the annual mean
temperature and enter this value in the box marked AMT.

Table – 1 (Second Part)

Monthly mean max. a.m.

Monthly mean min. p.m.

Average

Humidity Group

(Relative Humidity: %)

1 If average RH: below 30%

Humidity
2 30 - 50 %
Group
3 50 – 70 %

 From 4 Above 70 % metrological

records enter the
monthly mean maxima and minima of relative humidity in the first two lines.

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  Find the average humidity for each month by adding the above two values and
dividing it by two values and dividing it by two. Enter this average in third line.
 Establish the humidity group for each month according to the following
categories.

Table - 1 (Second Part)

Rainfall, mm Total
(Rain)

 Enter the monthly average rainfall values (in mm) in the fifth line. Adding these
twelve values, find the annual total rainfall and enter this in the separate box at
the end of the line.

Wind, Prevailing
Wind, Secondary
J F M A M J J A S O N D
(Wind)

 In the last two lines enter the prevailing and secondary wind direction for each
month, on the basis of first and second peak in published wind frequency tables
or figures.

Table – 2 (First Prat)

AMT (over 200 AMT (15-200 C) ATM (below 150 C)

C)

Comfort Limits Day Night Day Night Day Night

1 26-34 17-25 23-32 14-23 21-30 12-21

Humidity
2 25-31 17-24 22-30 14-22 20-27 12-20
Group
3 23-29 17-23 21-28 14-21 19-26 12-19

4 22-27 17-21 20-25 14-20 18-24 12-18

 Table represents to relation between comfort limit (in term of temperature) and
the humidity group.

Table – 2 (First Part)

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D AMT

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 Monthly mean max.

Day Comfort: upper

lower

Monthly mean min.

Night Comfort: upper

lower

Thermal Stress: day

night

(Diagnosis)

 Enter the first and fourth lines the monthly mean minimum and maximum
temperature from table -1.
 Find the upper and lower comfort limits for the day and night of each month, on
the basis of the above table, as defined by the annual mean temperature and the
humidity group for each month. Enter these values in 2,3,5, and 6 respectively.
 Compare the day comfort limit with the mean maxima and the night comfort
limit with the mean minima and establish the nature of thermal stress by
entering the following symbols in last two lines:
H (hot) – if mean is above limit
O (comfort) – if mean is within limits
C (cold) – if mean is below the limit

Table – 2 (Second Part)

Applicable when: Thermal Rainfall Humidity Monthly mean
Meaning: Stress Group range
Indicator Day Night

Air movement essential H1 H 4

H 2,3 less than 10

Air movement desirable H2 O 4

Rian protection necessary H3 Over 200 mm

Thermal capacity necessary A1 1,2,3 More than 10

Out-door sleeping desirable A2 H 1,2

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 H O 1,2 More than 10

Protection from cold A3 C

 Certain Groups of symptoms (nature of thermal stress, some climate

characteristic and the duration of both) indicate the remedial action the designer
could take. The method developed uses six indicators (three humid indicator
H1,2,3 and arid indicator A1,2,3.)

Table – 2 (Second Part)

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Total

Humid: H1

H2

H2

Arid: A1

A2

A3

(Indicators)

 The process to be followed is to check thermal stress indices (day and night) the
humidity group, the rainfall and the monthly mean range of temperature against
the definition of the indicators and place a tick in the line of the appropriate
indicator where the month’s data corresponds to the definition.

Table – 3 (Specifications)

Indicator Totals from Table – 2

H1 H2 H3 A1 A2 A3

1) Layout
1-10 1. Orientation north and south
11,12 5-12 (Long axis east-west)
0-4 2. Compact courtyard planning

 Building should be oriental on east-west axis, the long elevations facing north
and south, to reduce expose the sun.
 Building should be planned around small courtyard if thermal storage is

23
 required of the most of the year, i.e., when the hot dry season is dominant.

2) Spacing
11.12 3. Open spacing for breeze
penetration
2-10 4. As 3, but protection from hot
and cold wind
0,1 5. Compact layout of estates

 Building should be broadly spaced for breeze penetration.

 If wind penetration is needed only for the part of the year, provision must be
made for protection from cold or dusty hot winds.
 Compact planning is recommended if the air movement requirement is
insignificant.

3) Air movement
3-12 6. Rooms single banked,
permanent provision for air
1,2 0-5
movement
6-12 7. Double banked rooms,
temporary provision for air
2-12
movement
0
0,1 8. No air movement requirement

 Rooms should be single banked with windows in the north and south walls, to
ensure air movement by ample cross ventilation.
 If air movement is never essential, and is desirable for not more than a month,
rooms can be double banked and there is not much need for cross ventilation.
 If wind is unreliable, or site limitations restricts planning for cross – ventilation,
ceiling mounted fans may be considered. (Height is not less than 2.75m)

4) Openings
0,1 0 9. Large openings, 40-80%
11,12 0,1 10. Very small openings, 10-20%

Any other 11. Medium openings, 20-40%

conditions

 Large opening, between 40-80% of the north and south walls. These need not be
fully glazed, but should be protected from the sun, sky glare and rain, preferably
by horizontal overhangs.
 Very small openings, lea than 20% of the wall.
 Medium opening, between 20-40% of the wall area. Openings in the east wall
may be desirable where the cold season is long. In west walls openings are
acceptable in moderate or cold climates, but under no circumstances in the
tropics.

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 5) Walls
0-2 12. Light walls, short time - lag
3-12 13. Heavy external and internal
walls

 The external wall should be light with low thermal capacity

 Internal wall should also be light where hot dry condition prevails for a short
time only.
 Internal walls should be heavy and massive, where any occurrence of hot and
dry conditions is combined with a large annual mean range of temperature (over
200 C)

6) Roofs
0-5 14. Light, insulated roofs
6-12 15. Heavy roofs, over 8h time lag

 A light but well insulated roof, with low thermal capacity.

 A heavy roof, with substantial thermal capacity, giving a time-lag of at least
8hrs.

7) Out-door sleeping
2-12 16. Space for out-door sleeping
required

 It should be provided on roofs, balconies or in patios, so that sleepers are

exposed to the coldest part of the night sky to increase heat loss by outgoing
radiation.

8) Rain protection
3-12 17. Protection from heavy rain
necessary

 Special protective measures are needed if rain is frequent and heavy – such as
deep verandahs, wide overhangs and covered passages.

Table – 4 (Specifications for design of building elements)

Indicator Totals from Table – 2

H1 H2 H3 A1 A2 A3

1) Size of opening
0-1 0 1. Large 40% - 80%
1-12
2-5 2. Medium 25% - 40%

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 6-10 3. Small 15% - 25%
0-3 4. Very small 10% - 20%
11,12 4-12 5. Medium 25% - 40%

2) Rain protection
3-12 6. In north and south walls at
body height on windward side
0-5
1,2
6-12 7. As above, openings also in
internal walls
0 2-12

3) Protection of openings
0-2 8. Exclude direct sunlight
2-12 9. Provide protection from rain

4) Walls and Floors

0-2 10. Light low thermal capacity
3-12 11. Heavy over 8h time lag

5) Roofs
10-12 0-2 12. Light, reflective surface, cavity
3-12 13. Light, well insulated
0-9 0-5
6-12 14. Heavy, over 8h time lag

6) External Features
1-12 15. Space for outdoor sleeping
1-12 16. Adequate rain water drainage

(Source – Manual of Tropical Housing and Building, Climatic Design by O H

Koenigsberger)
1.1 Preamble

Nagpur is also known as orange city and is located in the geographical center of India.
After Mumbai and Pune, it is the third largest city in Maharashtra. Nagpur is the second
capital of Maharashtra and it serves as a major commercial, industrial, educational,
transportation, and medical center. Almost 47% of Maharashtra state power is
generated in and around Nagpur. Due to the concentration of social, economic,
educational, and administrative functions in the city its degree of primacy is ever-
increasing which has resulted in traffic congestion, unorganized development, reduction
of green areas and accelerated and haphazard urban sprawl.

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1.2 SITE STUDY

INTRODUCTION TO NMC PROJECT PLAN

• The land was meant for a railway line to the Ordnance Factory Ambazhari
(OFA).

• following NMC’s demand, the district administration transferred the land from
OFA to the civic body in 2007.

 Orange City Street also known as the London Street project is being developed
by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation in Maharashtra.

 The project comprises 10 different stretches earmarked for residential,

commercial, IT Park, green zone, vegetable and meat markets, and medical
zone.

 It will come up on 5.50 km on both sides of the Wardha road- Somalwada-

Khamla-Bhamti-Parsodi-Takli-Jaitala T-Point Road stretch.

 The project will spread over 75.34 acres of land. (31.15 Hectares)

 The total built-up area under the project is 10,75,984.40 sq. m.

 The project site is a piece of vacant land earmarked for Residential use as per
the development plan of Nagpur city.

INTRODUTION ABOUT SITE

Location of the Project Site:
The proposed Housing and Commercial scheme are located at Mouza - Somalwada,
Khasra No. 129/2008, Mouza – Khamla, Khasra No. 131/2008, Mouza – Bhamti,
Khasra No. 132B/07, Mouza – Jaitala, Khasra No. 132/08, District Nagpur. The site is
well-connected to the road network. The proposed project site is earmarked for
Residential & Commercial use as per the local development plans and the proposed
project is planned and designed as per the regulations and procedures laid down by the
Local Authority. The location of the project site is shown in
Surrounding Features :
The project site is a piece of vacant land earmarked for Residential use as per the
development plan of Nagpur city.

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 NAGPUR DEVELOPMENT PLAN

JAITALA MOUZAS
SHEET NO.22
The project area ranges in width from 36 to 110
KHAMLA MOUZAS meters and falls in 5 MOUZAS- SOMALWADA
SHEET NO.23 (SHEET NO.30), KHAMLA (SHEET NO.23),
BHAMTI (SHEET NO.29) & JAITALA (SHEET
Residential
units
NO.22) were show in development plan.

BHAMTI MOUZAS SOMALWADA MOUZAS

Hospital SHEET NO.29 SHEET NO.30
towers

On this site the

mall and hospital
are constructing`
VACANT LAND ALONG LONDON
STREET

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SITE SELECTION –

Google image N

SIZE OF PLOT – ABCD (plot no 19 A)

AB – 100 m
BC – 150 m
CD – 120 m
DC – 150 m
According to the report of Time of India (2014) P Today
and the plots allotted by NMC. The site selected for design
on plot no. 19 A, Building no. 8. (Table.1)
The design will be considered as 1 BHK and 2 BHK
residential apartments of 2 buildings of G+3.

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