Switched-

Capacitor/Switched-
Inductor
Structures for Getting
Transformerless
Hybrid DC–DC PWM
Converters
 Introduction:
 THE basic dc–dc converters, buck (whose
ideal line-to output voltage ratio is being the
duty cycle), boost , buck–boost, C´ uk,
Sepic, and Zeta can not provide a steep
step-down, respectively step-up of the line
voltage, as required by many modern
applications.
 REQUIREMENT:
So converters which can provide such a high
voltage-conversion ratio are required.
CONVENTIONAL METHODS:
 BASIC CONVERTERS:
In order to provide such a high voltage-
conversion ratio , the basic converters would
have to operate with an extreme value of the
duty cycle, smaller than 0.1 in voltage-step-
down converters, higher than 0.9 in voltage-
step-up converters.
An extreme duty cycle impairs the efficiency and
imposes obstacles for the transient response .
Also, to generate such an extreme duty cycle,
the control circuit must incorporate a very fast,
expensivecomparator.
 TRANSFORMERS:
An obvious solution would be the use of
transformers to get the desired voltage
conversion ratio, like in forward or flyback
converters.
However, if the industrial application does not
require for dc isolation, the use of a transformer
would only increase the cost, the volume, and
the losses. Moreover, a large transformer turns
ratio would increase the voltage stress on the
primary elements, imposing a heavy penalty on
the efficiency.
 VOLTAGE REGULATORS:
Voltage regulators have recently been
developed for getting a sub-1-V supply
voltage needed in microprocessors.
These converters, purposely designed for
high load current and fast dynamics, are
still in the development phase for
answering the tough requirements.
 SWITCHED-CAPACITOR
CONVERTERS:
The switched-capacitor converters,
proposed in the 1990’s, can provide any
steep conversion ratio (a tutorial on these
circuits can be found in [6]).
However, they operate with a relatively
low efficiency, and put challenges in the
charging path of the capacitors.
 CASCADE OF CONVERTERS:
Use of cascade of converters for getting
the desired voltage ratio is a no-solution in
the today’s energy-saving conscious
world, as this procedure implies an overall
efficiency equal to the product of the
efficiencies of each circuit.
 QUADRATIC CONVERTERS:
Quadratic converters can somehow
alleviate the efficiency problem of cascade
circuits by using a single driven transistor,
but they may present voltage or current
overstresses.
 PROPOSED METHOD:
 A few simple switching structures, formed by either two
capacitors and two-three diodes (C-switching), or two
inductors and two-three diodes (L-switching) are
proposed in this project.
 These structures can be of two types: “step-down” and
“step-up.” These blocks are inserted in classical
converters: buck, boost,buck–boost,C´ uk, Zeta, Sepic.
 The “step-down” C- or L-switching structures can be
combined with the buck, buck–boost, C´ uk, Zeta, Sepic
converters in order to get a step-down function.
 When the active switch of the converter is on,
the inductors in the L-switching blocks are
charged in series or the capacitors in the C-
switching blocks are discharged in parallel.
 When the active switch is off, the inductors in
the L-switching blocks are discharged in parallel
or the capacitors in the C-switching blocks are
charged in series.
 The “step-up” C- or L-switching structures are
combined with the boost, buck–boost, C´ uk,
Zeta, Sepic converters, to get a step-up
function.
 The steady-state analysis of the new hybrid
converters allows for determing their dc line-to-
output voltage ratio.
 The gain formula shows that the hybrid
converters are able to reduce/increase the
line voltage more times than the original,
Classical converters.
 The proposed hybrid converters contain
the same number of elements and present
a similar complexity as the quadratic
converters, but have many advantages
over them.
 ADVANTAGES:
 The main advantage of the new
converters is their lower energy in the
magnetic elements, what leads to weight,
size and cost saving for the inductors, and
thus for the power supply, and less
conduction losses, what leads to a better
efficiency.
 APPLICATIONS:
 These converters are required in
applications where high voltage-
conversion ratio is required. For example:
1.Integrated circuits.
2.Power supplies with reduced standard
voltage.
3.Telecom equipments for providing
Internet services
4.High intensity discharge lamps (HID)