PROYEKSI

ORTHOGONAL
CHE183604 – PENGENALAN GAMBAR TEKNIK

Disusun oleh: Hanky Fransiscus, S.T., M.T.

unpar.ac.id
 BUKU REFERENSI

Sato, G. T. dan Hartanto, N. S. (1986). Menggambar

Mesin Menurut Standar ISO, 3rd Edition.
Jakarta, Indonesia: Pradnya Paramita.
Bertoline, G. R., Wiebe, E. N., Hartman, N.W., dan Ross,
W. A. (2003). Technical Graphics
R1 Communication, 4th Edition. New York, United
States of America: McGraw-Hill.

R2
2
 OUTLINE
PROJECTION
1

HOW TO MAKE
2
PROJECTION

PROJECTION
3
SYSTEMS

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1 Projection
CHE183604 – PENGENALAN GAMBAR TEKNIK

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 METHOD

Projection Method

Perspective Parallel

Orthographic
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 PROJECTION
The projection theory is based on two variables:
1. Line of sight
2. Plane of projection

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 LINE OF SIGHT

is an imaginary ray of light between an observer’s eye and an object

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

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 PLANE OF PROJECTION

is an imaginary flat plane which the image is created

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection

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 DISADVANTAGE OF PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

Perspective projection is not used

by engineer for manufacturing of
parts, because

1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
Width is distorted
shape and size.

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 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Three principle dimensions 3 pandangan

of an object … utama:
• Front view
• Right side view
• Top view

Depth
Height

Width Depth

Height

Width Depth 10
 TO OBTAIN MULTI-VIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT

1 Revolve the object with respect the

observer

2 The observer move around the

object

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REVOLVE THE OBJECT

Top view

Front view Right side view 12

OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view

Front view Right side view 13

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view
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History

Depth
Width
Height

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OBJECT FEATURES

Edges are lines that represent the boundary

between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.

Edge Edge No edge

Corner No corner No corner

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OBJECT FEATURES

Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges

or limiting element.

Limiting is a line that represents the last visible

element part of the curve surface.

Surface Surface Surface

Limit
Limit 17
 How to Make
2 Projection
CHE183604 – PENGENALAN GAMBAR TEKNIK

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 PROJECTION OF POINT(S)

BT
BT
AT
Equal
AT
distance

A BR
AF BF AF BF AR BR
AR

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 PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT

AT
BT
Equal
length
AT
B

A BR
AF BF AF BF AR BR
AR

Point True length NORMAL LINE 20

 PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT
AT
BT

Equal
length
AT
B
A

AF A BR
BF AF BF AR BR
AR

Foreshortened
Foreshortened INCLINED LINE
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 PROJECTION OF PLANE
True size

CT
BT
CT
AT
Equal
length
BT AT
C
B

BF A CR
AF,CF BF AF,CF AR,BR CR
AR,BR

Edge
Edge NORMAL PLANE 22
 PROJECTION OF PLANE
Foreshortened

CT
BT
CT
AT C
Equal
length
CR BT AT
CF
C
B
CF CR
BF A
AF
AR,BR
BF AF AR,BR
Foreshortened Edge
INCLINED PLANE 23
 PROJECTION OF OBJECT
The views are obtained by projecting all object
features to the picture plane.

You have to project the remaining surfaces which are

invisible too ! 24
 PROJECTION OF OBJECT

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3 Projection Systems
CHE183604 – PENGENALAN GAMBAR TEKNIK

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 PROJECTION SYSTEM

Projection
System

First Angle System/ Third Angle System/

European Country American Country

Proyeksi Eropa Proyeksi Amerika

Proyeksi Sudut Pertama Proyeksi Sudut Ketiga
Proyeksi Kuadran Pertama Proyeksi Kuadran Ketiga

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 PROJECTION SYSTEM
1. First angle system
- European country First Quadrant
- ISO standard

2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand

Third
Quadrant
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 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system

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1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line

Folding
line
Folding
line

Folding
line

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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

1st angle system 3rd angle system

Right Side View Front View Top View

Top View Front View Right Side View

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 PROJECTION SYMBOLS
First angle system Third angle system

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 PANDANGAN DEPAN

Pandangan depan
tidak selalu berarti
‘depan’ secara
harafiah.

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PANDANGAN DEPAN

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 PROYEKSI AMERIKA VS EROPA

Kedua proyeksi tidak boleh dipakai bersamaan.

Kelebihan proyeksi Amerika dibandingkan Eropa:

1. Bentuk benda dapat langsung dibayangkan dengan mudah.
2. Mudah dibaca sehingga jarang terjadi salah pengertian.
3. Pandangan yang berhubungan terletak berdekatan sehingga mudah untuk
membaca ukuran.
4. Mudah untuk diberikan pandangan tambahan atau pandangan setempat.

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4 Latihan
CHE183604 – PENGENALAN GAMBAR TEKNIK

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LATIHAN

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LATIHAN

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Thank you
the end of presentation