Vectors and

Two-Dimensional Motion
3.1. VECTORS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
 Definition
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
3.1. VECTORS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
 Equality of Two Vectors
Two vectors A and B are equal if they have the same
magnitude and the same direction. This property allows
us to translate a vector parallel to itself in a diagram
without affecting the vector.

These four vectors are equal because they have equal lengths and
point in the same direction.
 Negative of a Vector.
The negative of the vector A is defined as the vector
that gives zero when added to A. This means that A and
-A have the same magnitude but opposite directions.
 Adding Vectors
When two vectors are added, their sum is independent
of the order of the addition: A+B=B+C.This
relationship can be seen from the geometric
construction in figure, and is called the commutative
law of addition.

In this construction, the resultant R is the diagonal of a parallelogram

having sides A and B. (b) This construction shows that A+B=B- A (in
other words, that vector addition is commutative)
 The Associative Law of Addition
When three or more vectors are added, their sum is
independent of the way in which the individual vectors
are grouped together. A geometric proof of this rule for
three vectors is given in figure. This is called the
associative law of addition:
 Subtracting Vectors
Vector subtraction makes use of the definition of the
negative of a vector. We define the operation A-B as
the vector -B added to the vector
3.2 COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
 Unit Vectors
Vector quantities often are expressed in
terms of unit vectors. A unit vector is a
dimensionless vector having a magnitude
of exactly 1.
PROBLEMS
Motion in Two Dimensions
THE DISPLACEMENT,VELOCITY, AND ACCELERATION VECTORS

the average velocity of a particle during the time interval t as the

displacement of the particle divided by that time interval.
PROJECTILE MOTION
PROJECTILE MOTION
Horizontal Range and Maximum Height of a Projectile
Problem of Kinematics

 Romeo melempar kerikil

dengan pelan ke jendela
Juliet, dan ia ingin agar kerikil
tersebut mengenai jendela
hanya dengan komponen
kecepatan horisontal. Ia
berdiri di sisi taman mawar
8,0 m di bawah jendela Juliet
dan 9,0 m dari dinding.
Berapa kecepatan kerikil
ketika mengenai jendela?
PROBLEMS
Problem of Kinematics

A stone is thrown from

the top of a building
upward at an angle of
30.0° to the horizontal
and with an initial speed
of 20.0 m/s, as shown in
figure. If the height of the
building is 45.0 m, how
long is it before the stone
hits the ground?
Example 4.7.The End of the Ski Jump.
A ski jumper leaves the ski track moving in the horizontal
direction with a speed 25.0 m/s, as shown in figure. The
landing incline below him falls off with a slope 35.00. Where
does he land on the incline.
Problem of Kinematics
 A man is riding on a flatcar traveling at a constant speed of 9.10 m/s
(Fas shown in figure). He wishes to throw a ball through a stationary
hoop 4.90 m above the height of his hands in such a manner that the
ball will move horizontally as it passes through the hoop. He throws
the ball with a speed of 10.8 m/s with respect to himself. (a) What
must the vertical component of the initial velocity of the ball be? (b)
How many seconds after he releases the ball will it pass through the
hoop? (c) At what horizontal distance in front of the hoop must he
release the ball? (d) When the ball leaves the man's hands, what is the
direction of its velocity relative to the frame of reference of the
flatcar? Relative to the frame of reference of an observer standing on
the ground?