TRANSACTIONAL

ANALYSIS
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
 “The unit of social intercourse is called a transaction.
If two or more people encounter each other, sooner
or later one of them will speak,or give some other
indication of acknowledging the presence of the
other.This is called the transactional stimulus.
Another person will then say or do something which
is in some way related to the stimulus, and that is
called the transactional response”-Eric Berne

 The method of examining this one

transaction wherein “I do something and you do
something back”is called Transactional Analysis
What is Transactional
Analysis?
TA is a theory about how and why
people behave the way they do

Major areas of TA
 Ego states
 Transactions
 Strokes and games
 Life positions
 EGO STATES
They are multiple states of personality.
Dr. Eric Berne defines ego states as “A
consistent pattern of feeling & experience directly
related to a corresponding consistent pattern of
behaviour”
Each person has three ego states-
PARENT EGO STATE
 Contains the attitudes &behaviour
incorporated from external sources, primarily
parents.
 Outwardly expressed as critical & nurturing
behaviour.
 When you are acting, thinking, feeling as you
observed your parents,teachers,older
people,uncles & aunts to be doing you are in
your Parent Ego State.
 Parent is our TAUGHT concept of life.
The Parent
 The Critical  Nurturing Parent
Parent Protects and
Gives us directions and encourages,
controls and limits provides care and
our behavior love
“should, ought, must, “there, there sweetie;
never Try again. It’s all
right”
Recognizing the Parent
State
A person in a NP stated is likely
 Use words such as well-done, good, gentle,

caring, don't worry

 Use a loving, caring, comforting or concerned

tone of voice
 Use open, encouraging gestures, smiling,

leaning forward, nodding of head

 Have a caring, understanding attitude
Recognizing the Parent
State
A person in CP state may:
 Use words , such as bad, should, ought,

must, always, ridiculous, unacceptable

 Use a patronizing, critical or disapproving

tone of voice
 Use aggressive gestures

 Come across as judgmental, authoritarian

 Be intimidating or controlling
CHILD EGO STATE
 Contains all the impulses that come naturally
to an infant.
 Our ‘internal’ reaction and feelings to external
events.
 Joy and laughter comes from child ego.
 When you feel and act as you did when you
were a child,you are in your Child ego state.
 Child is our FELT concept of life.
The Child State
 Free child  Adapted child
Impulsive and Submissive and
carefree, conforming
communicating behaviors,
through feeling Looking for approval
and reassurance
behaviors
Recognizing the Child
State
A person in a free child state
 Use words as wow, great, ouch, want

 Talk loudly, energetically, free of

constraint
 Use spontaneous gestures and
expressions
 Be curious, fun-loving, changeable
Recognizing the Child
State
 A person in adapted child may
 Use words such as can’t, try, hope,
please, perhaps, wish
 Come across as innocent, helpless, sad,
scared
 Act in a defiant, ashamed or compliant
way
ADULT EGO STATE
 It is related to current reality and object
gathering of information.
 Organized,adaptable,intelligent,functions by
reality,estimating probabilities.
 Problem solving comes from this ego state.
 When you are dealing with current
reality,gathering facts and computing
objectively,you are in your Adult Ego State
 It our THOUGHT concept of life.
Recognizing the Adult
State
A person in as Adult Sated is likely to
 Speak in an even voice
 Have an erect posture and use open gestures

 Be alert and thoughtful about a problem they

are facing
 Clarify the situation by careful questioning
 Hypothesize and process information

 Use words like correct, how, what, why,

practical, quality
People generally exhibit all three Ego
states.
All three Ego states are necessary to
healthy personality

People can change the frequency of which

They use one ego state by concentrating
Or developing another
Transactions between Ego
States
When we are communicating with
another person (verbally or nonverbally)
we are carrying out a transaction with
them.
We are both sending messages and
receiving them
When two people communicate, each exchange is a transaction.
Many of our problems come from transactions which are
unsuccessful.
Types of Transaction
 Complementary transactions
 Crossed transactions
 Ulterior transactions
TYPES OF TRANSACTIONS

1.COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS
A complementary transaction occurs when a
message sent from a specific ego state,gets
the predicted response from a specific ego in
the person.
TYPES (cont.)
2.CROSSED TRANSACTIONS
A crossed transaction occurs when an
unexpected response is made to the stimulus.
An inappropriate ego state is activated, and
the lines of transacting between the people
are crossed.
 TYPES (cont.)
3.ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS
Ulterior transactions always involve more than two ego
states. WHEN AN ULTERIOR MESSAGE IS SENT, IT IS
DISGUISED UNDER a socially acceptable transaction.
TA can help you
 Respond to a person and situation more
appropriately
 Build rapport
 Understand someone else’s needs
 Deal more effectively with difficult
people
 Be assertive
 Understand how you behave and why