CHAPTER 6:

Periodic
Table
 KEYWORDS (page 163)
• Atom • Non-metal
• Molecule • Appearance
• Proton • Ductility
• Electron • Malleability
• Mixture
• Neutron • Filtration
• Element • Sedimentation
• Compound • Distillation
• Periodic table
• Chromatography
6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

MATTER  consists of small and discrete

particles which are known as atoms
 Size of atom is too small, only can be seen using
an electron microscope by enlarging the atom to
a million times
Atom and Molecule
ATOM Consists of
three subatomic
particles, which
are protons, neutrons and
electrons
THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

+ Proton
(positive) - Electron
(negative)
Neutron
(no charge)
Number of proton = Number of electron
So that,
an atom is
NEUTRAL
ATOM Na
He He Atom Natrium

He Al
He
Helium gas Atom Aluminium
 Neutral particles made
MOLECULE up of two or more atoms

Oxygen Carbon Water

dioxide
Glucose

Sulphur
 ATOMS MOLECULES
Made up of 2 or more atoms
Smallest particle (same type)

Gold Oxygen (O2)

• Atom
• molecule
• Element
• Compound
 • The simplest form of substance.
ELEMENT • Only one type of atom in an
element

Fe Fe
Iron
Oxygen Hydrogen
Al
Al
Sulphur Aluminium
 • Two or more elements combined
COMPOUND chemically
• Produced from chemical reaction

Aluminium
oxide
Carbon Water
dioxide
Glucose
ammonia
SUMMARIZE…
1. What is elements in the:-

Carbon Water
dioxide
Glucose
2. How can the components of
a compound be separated?
What is elements in the:-

Carbon Water
dioxide • Hydrogen
Glucose • oxygen
• Carbon • Carbon
• oxygen • Hydrogen
• oxygen
2. How can the components of
a compound be separated?

electrolysis
PERIODIC TABLE
METAL
AND
NON-METAL
METAL
NON-METAL
CARBON

SULPHUR

PHOSPHORUS
Differences Between Metal and Non-Me
METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Shiny APPEARANCE Dull
Ductile DUCTILITY (able to be Brittle
pulled into wire)
Malleable MALLEABILITY (able Non-malleable
to be shape)
High TENSILE STRENGTH Low (break easily)
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Good conductor ELECTRICITY Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY (except carbon and
silicon)
Good conductor HEAT Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY
High DENSITY Low

High MELTING/BOILING Low

POINT
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Shiny surface APPEARANCE Dull surface
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Ductile (can be pulled DUCTILITY Brittle
into wire)
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Malleable MALLEABILITY (ABLE Non- malleable
TO BE SHAPE)
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
High (except mercury) TENSILE STRENGTH Low (breaks easily)
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Good conductor ELECTRICAL Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY (except carbon and
silicon)
METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Good HEAT CONDUCTIVITY Poor
METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
High DENSITY Low
6.2 MIXTURES
- Two or more elements/compounds mixed physically.
MIXTURE is formed physically. So,
it can be separated physically too.
SEPARATION METHOD
METHODS
• Filtration
• Distillation
• Using TO
SEPARATE
magnet
• sedimentation

MIXTURES
• Floatation
• chromatography
depends on :
• physical properties of the
substance present in the mixture
• substances to be obtained from
the mixture
1. FILTRATION- separate an insoluble
solid from mixture of solid and liquid
2.DISTILLATION- separate a completely miscible
liquid-liquid mixture that have different boiling point
3. SEPARATION USING MAGNET-
separate two solid mixtures in which one
of the substances is magnetic and the
other is not
4. SEDIMENTATION- separate a
liquid and insoluble solid mixture
5. FLOATATION- separate soluble and
insoluble materials in water
6. CHROMATOGRAPHY- separate small
amount of mixture
6.3 COMPOUNDS
- Two or more elements mixed CHEMICALLY.
- Newly formed product  has its own characteristics

Carbon + hydrogen

BUILDING BLOCKS Polythene

 TILES
Calcium + Carbon + hydrogen

Marble
 hydrogen
+
WATER oxygen
CAKE
Other examples…
Magnesium + oxygen  Magnesium oxide
Aluminium + oxygen  Aluminium oxide

Zinc + oxygen  Zinc oxide

Iron + oxygen  Iron oxide

Copper + oxygen  Copper oxide

Other examples…
Lithium + water  Lithium hydroxide + hydrogen gas
Sodium + water  Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen gas

Potassium + water  Potassium hydroxide + hydrogen gas

Other examples…
Iron + sulphur  Iron sulphide
As a conclusion…
A + OXYGEN  A OXIDE
A + WATER  A HYDROXIDE + HYDROGEN GAS
A + SULPHUR  A SULPHIDE
METHODS TO SEPARATE COMPOUNDS
electrolysis oxygen hydrogen

• Hydrogen gas released at the

cathode.
• Oxygen gas released at the anode.

2H + + O2-  H2O anode cathode

+ -
PHYSICAL CHANGE and CHEMICAL CHANGE

Does not Form a new

form a new substance
substance
e.g
e.g
• Rusting of iron
• ice melting
• Decaying of leaf
• Water boiling
Differences between
mixtures
and
compounds
Iron powder + sulphur powder
Mixed physically

MIXTURE
THEREFORE,
magnetic
attraction can
be used to
separate iron
powder and
sulphur powder
Iron powder + sulphur powder
Mixed chemically

COMPOUND
(iron sulphide)
THEREFORE,
magnetic
attraction
cannot be used
to separate iron
powder and
sulphur powder
MIXTURE CHARACTERISTICS COMPOUND
No Formation of new Yes
substances
No Chemical bond Yes
Physical Separation method Chemical
Same Properties of new Different
substances compared to
the original
CHECK YOUR ANSWER..

Summative
practice
6
1) a a, b, e, f, g, h, m, n, p
1) b c, i, j, o
1) c d, k, l
2) a P – Metal
R – Non-metal
2) b- Differences Between Metal and Non-Metal
METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Shiny APPEARANCE Dull
Ductile DUCTILITY (able to be Brittle
pulled into wire)
Malleable MALLEABILITY (able Non-malleable
to be shape)
High TENSILE STRENGTH Low (break easily)
 METAL DIFFERENCES NON-METAL
Good conductor ELECTRICITY Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY (except carbon and
silicon)
Good conductor HEAT Poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY
High DENSITY Low

High MELTING/BOILING Low

POINT
2) c Iron oxidises or reacts with oxygen to form a layer of
iron oxide on the surface of the iron
2) d Graphite is black, soft and easy to shape
3) a filtration
3) b Step 3
4) a A: Iron fillings
B: Sawdust
C: Sand
D: Salt
b • B less dense than C
• B less dense than
water
• B floats on the
surface of water
• B can be separated
easily
4) c Yes
d • Use distillation method
• Boiling salt and water
• At 100oC, water vapour formed
condenses and form a liquid
• Water is collected in a beaker
• Salt crystal will be left
in the flask
5) No, by stirring, filter paper will tear when it is wet
6) • Use filtration method (soluble and insoluble solid)
• Dissolve sand and salt in water (salt dissolve in water)
• Filter the solution using filter paper
• Insoluble sand will left on the filter paper
• Dissolved salt will go through the filter paper
• Let the salt solution evaporate to produce salt crystals