FORMATION OF PROTEINS ON

THE RIBOSOMES-- THE PROCESS

OF TRANSLATION
ZAINAB MEHMOOD
SHUMAIM SAJJAD
NAWAL GUL
DUAA TAHIR
SAIQA
 TRANSLATION
• Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code
describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the
corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble
the protein.
 POLYRIBOSOME
• A cluster of ribosomes linked together by a
molecule of messenger RNA and forming the
site of protein synthesis.
 ATTACHMENT OF RIBOSOMES
• Many ribosomes attached to ER , because the
initial ends of many forming protein molecule
have amino acid sequences.
• these molecules causing to penetrate the
reticulum wall and enter ER matrix.
• Granular appearance , where proteins are
being formed and are entering matrix of
reticulum.
• Process of translation occuring in several
ribosomes at the time in response to same
strand of mRNA.
• newly forming polypeptide (protein) chains
passing through the ER membrane into
endoplasmic matrix.
Chemical steps in protein synthesis
 The stages of reactions are:

1- Each amino acid is activated by chemical process in which

ATP combines with amino acid and form AMP, giving up 2
phosphate bonds.
2- The activated amino acid combines with specific tRNA to
form an amino acid-tRNA complex & releases AMP.
3- The tRNA carrying the amino acid comes in contact with
mRNA in ribosome, where the anticodon of tRNA attaches
temporarily to its specific codon of mRNA, thus lining up
the amino acid in appropriate sequence to form a protein
molecule.
* Then under influence of the enzyme peptidyl
transferase , peptide bonds are formed between
amino acids , thus adding to protein chain.
* The Synthesis of protein is one of the most energy
consuming process of the cell.
 Definition
• The successive amino acids in a protein chain combine
with one another.

• Reaction
 Explanation
• In peptide bond, A hydroxyl radical (OH) is
removed from the COOH portion of the first
amino acid and a hydrogen of the NH2 portion
of the other amino acid is removed. They
combine to form water, and the two reactive
sites left on the two successive amino acid
bond with each other, resulting in a single
molecule. This process is called peptide
linkage.
THANK YOU