Acids: Concentration vs.

Strength

CONCENTRATED DILUTE

H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- HA H+ A- H+ A- HA
A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A -
A- H+ A- H+ A– STRONG ACIDS
STRONG

H+ A- HA H+ A- H+ A- H+ A-
A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+
H+ A - H + A - H + A - HA H + A - H+ A- H+ A- H+ Dissociate nearly 100%
A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A–
H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- HA H+ A-
A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A-
HA H1+ + A-
HA A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ H+ A- H+ A- H+

HA HA H+ A- HA HA HA HA HA HA HA
HA HA HA HA HA H+ A-
H+ A- HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA WEAK ACIDS
WEAK

HA HA H+ A- HA HA HA
HA HA HA H+ A- HA HA H+ A - HA HA Dissociate very little
H+ A- HA HA HA HA HA
HA HA HA H+ A- HA HA HA HA H+A–
HA H1+ + A-
H+ A- HA HA HA HA HA
HA HA H+ A- HA HA HA HA H + A – HA HA
Comparison of Strong and Weak Acids

Type of acid, HA Reversibility Ka value Ions existing when acid,

of reaction HA, dissociates in H2O

Not H+ and A-, only.

Strong Ka value very large
reversible No HA present.

Weak reversible Ka is small H+, A-, and HA

HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)

The equilibrium expression for the reaction is

[H3O+] [A-]
Ka = Note: H3O+ = H+
[HA]
 Strong vs. Weak Acid

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 508

 Concentrated vs. Dilute

0.3 M HCl 10.0 M CH3COOH

Dilute, strong acid Concentrated, weak acid

2.0 M HCl
Concentrated, strong acid
OR Dilute, strong, acid

12.0 M HCl
Concentrated, strong acid
 Naming Acids
Anion Acid

_________ ide add H+ Hydro____ ic acid

(chloride, Cl1-) (hydrochloric acid, HCl)
ions

_________ ate add H+ _________ic acid

(chlorate, ClO3-) (chloric acid, HClO3)
(perchlorate, ClO4-) ions (perchloric acid, HClO4)

_________ite add H+ ______ous acid

(chlorite, ClO2-) (chlorous acid, HClO2)
(hypochlorite, ClO-) ions (hypochlorous acid, HClO)
 Group
4A 5A 6A 7A

Increasing base Strength

Increasing acid Strength
CH4 NH3 H2O HF
Period 2
No acid or
base Weak base --- Weak acid
properties

SiH4 PH3 H2S HCl

Period 3
No acid or
base Weak base Weak acid Strong acid
properties

Increasing acid Strength

Increasing base Strength

Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry 2000, page 625
 Equilibrium and pH Calculations
Weak acid Strong acid

HA + H2O H 3O+ + A - HA + H2O H 3O+ + A -

acid-dissociation
constant calculations

[A-] [H3O+] [HA] = [H3O+]

Ka =
[HA] [H3O+] 1 x 10-14
+ =
[OH-]
antilog(-pH)
-log [H3O+] =
pH [OH-]
1 x 10-14 -
=
0 7 14 [H3O+]

Tocci, Viehland, Holt Chemistry Visualizing Matter 1996, page 525