Strong/Weak Acid and Base

Strong Acid/Weak Acid Strong Base/ Weak Base

Strong acid Weak acid Strong base Weak base

Hydrohalic acid Hydrohalic acid Carboxylic acid

Strong base – contain OH- or O2-
HI, HBr, HCI HF COOH
LiOH, NaOH, CaO, K2O Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
Oxoacid Oxoacid
O atom > number ionizable proton O atom ≥ number ionizable proton by 1 Weak base – contain electron rich nitrogen, N
HNO3, H2SO4, HCIO3, HCIO4 HCIO, HNO2, H3PO4 NH3, C2H5NH2, (CH3)2NH, C3H5O2NH2

Strong acid - HI, HBr, HCI, HNO3, H2SO4, HCIO3, HCIO4 Strong base - LiOH, KOH, NaOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2
Weak Acid - CH3COOH, HF, HCN, H2CO3, H3BO3, H3PO4 Weak Base - NH3, C2H5NH2, (CH3)2NH, C3H5O2NH2

Distinguish bet strong and weak acid Strong acid

HA H+ A- A- H+
H+ H+ A-
1 2 3 A-
Rate of rxn pH Electrical conductivity H+ A-
A-
H+ H+
Strong acid Weak acid A- H
+

0.1 M HCI 0.1 M CH3COOH Ionizes completely

H+ 0.1 mole 0.0013 mole

Weak acid
pH 1 (Low) 2.87 (High) HA HA HA
HA
HA
Electrical conductivity High (Ionize completely) Low (Ionize partially)
H+ HA
A-
Rate with magnesium Fast Slow
HA H+
H+ A- A-
Rate with calcium Fast Slow HA
carbonate
Ionizes partially

Strong acid → High ionization → High conc H+ → High conductivity → High rate rxn → Lower pH

Weaker acid → Low ionization → Low conc H+ → Low conductivity → Low rate rxn → High pH
 pH measurement of Acidity of solution
• pH is the measure of acidity of solution in logarithmic scale
• pH = power of hydrogen or minus logarithm to base ten of hydrogen ion concentration

← Acidic – pH < 7 Alkaline – pH > 7 →

pOH with Conc OH-

pH with Conc H+ pOH = -log [OH-]
pH = -log [H+] [OH-] = 0.1M
[H+] = 0.0000001M pOH = -log[0.1]
pH = -log [0.0000001] pOH = 1
pH = -log1010-7 pH + pOH = 14
pH = 7 (Neutral) pH + 1 = 14
pH = 13 (Alkaline)

pOH with Conc OH-

pH with Conc H+
pOH = -log [OH-]
pH = -log [H+]
[OH-] = 0.0000001M
[H+] = 0.01M
pOH = -log [0.0000001]
pH = -log [0.01]
pOH = -log1010-7
pH = -log1010-2
pOH = 7
pH = 2 (Acidic)
pH + pOH = 14
pH + 7 = 14
pH = 7 (Neutral)
Conc H+ increase ↑ by 10x Conc OH- increase ↑ by 10x

pH decrease ↓ by 1 unit pH increase ↑ by 1 unit

Conc H+ Easier pH scale

Easier using pH scale than Conc [H+]

•Conc H+ increase 10x from 0.0001(10-4) to 0.001(10-3)
- pH change by 1 unit from pH 4 to 3
• pH 3 is (10x) more acidic than pH 4
• 1 unit change in pH is 10 fold change in Conc [H+]
 Formula for acid/base calculation Formula for acid/base calculation

Kw = [H+] x [OH-] = 1 x 10-14

[H+] [OH-] pH = -log10[H+]
pOH = -log10[OH-]
pKa = - lg10Ka
pKb = - lg10Kb
pH + pOH = 14 pKa + pKb = pKw
pH + pOH = pKw pKa + pKb = 14
pH = -lg [H+] [H+] = 10-pH pOH = -lg [OH-] [OH-] = 10-pOH
Kw = [H+][OH-]
Ka x Kb = Kw
Ka x Kb = 1 x 10-14
pH pH + pOH = 14
pOH
Dissociation Constant for Weak Acid Dissociation Constant for Weak Base

HA  H   A CH 3COOH  CH 3COO   H  B  H 2 O  BH   OH  NH 3  H 2 O  NH 4  OH 


Ka 
H A 
 


CH COO H  
3
 
H   2
BH OH 
 
Kb 
NH OH   OH 
4
   2


HA Ka
CH 3COOH  CH 3COOH  Kb
B NH 3  NH 3 
Relationship bet Weak acid and its conjugate base

CH 3COOH  H 2 O  CH 3COO   H 3O 
Weak acid Conjugate Base
 
CH 3COOH  H 2 O  CH 3COO  H 3O CH 3COO  H 2 O  CH 3COOH  OH 


CH COO H O   

CH COO H O   CH COOH OH 
   CH 3COOH OH  

 Kb
CH COO 
3 3

CH COO 
3 3 3
Ka
CH 3COOH 

CH COOH  3 3
 3

CH COO H O   CH COOH OH   H O OH 

  
 

CH COO 
3 3 3
Derive Ka x Kb = Kw
CH COOH  3 3
 3

K a  Kb  K w
 Formula for acid/base calculation

Ka /Kb measure equilibrium position Ka /Kb measure equilibrium position

Ka/Kb large ↑ – ↑ dissociation – shift to right – favour product Ka /Kb small ↓ – ↓ dissociation – shift to left – reactant favour
Ka/Kb large ↑ – pKa /pKb small ↓ – Stronger acid/base Ka /Kb small ↓ – pKa /pKb high ↑– Weak acid/base

HCI  H   CI  NH 3  H 2 O  NH 4  OH 


Strong Acid Shift right Weak base Shift left

Strong acid Weak base

Large ↑ Ka Small ↓Kb

↓ Kb →↑ pKb
↑ Ka → ↓ pKa

Strong base
Strong acid

Weak acid
Strong base
Small ↓ Ka
Large ↑ Kb

↓ Ka → ↑ pKa
↑ Kb → ↓ pKb

CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3COO- + H3O+ K a / Kb

CH3COOH CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- CH3COO- For weak acid/ base Small dissociation
Strong Acid Conjugate acid base pair Weak conjugate Base constant
 Formula for acid/base calculation Formula for acid/base calculation

Kw = [H+] x [OH-] = 1 x 10-14

[H+] [OH-] pH = -log10[H+]
pOH = -log10[OH-]
pKa = - lg10Ka
pKb = - lg10Kb
pH + pOH = 14 pKa + pKb = pKw
pH + pOH = pKw
pKa + pKb = 14
pH = -lg [H+] [H+] = 10-pH pOH = -lg [OH-] [OH-] = 10-pOH
Kw = [H+][OH-]
Ka x Kb = Kw
Ka x Kb = 1 x 10-14
pH pH + pOH = 14
pOH
Dissociation Constant for Weak Acid Dissociation Constant for Weak Base

HA  H   A CH 3COOH  CH 3COO   H  B  H 2 O  BH   OH  
NH 3  H 2 O  NH 4  OH 

Ka 
H A 
 


CH COO H  
3
 
H  2
BH OH 
 
Kb 
NH OH   OH 
4
   2


HA Ka
CH 3COOH  CH 3COOH  Kb
B NH 3  NH 3 
Weak acid/base

Dissociate partially ↔ used Ka /Kb value pKa /pKb value easier!

Weak acid/base Animation

Click here weak acid dissociation Click here weak acid dissociation Click here CH3COOH dissociation Click here strong acid ionization
 Buffer Solution

Resist a change in pH when small amt acid/base is added.

Acidic Buffer Basic Buffer

Acidic Buffer - weak acid and its salt/conjugate base Basic buffer - weak base and its salt/conjugate acid

CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3COO- + H3O+ NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH-

CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- NH3 ↔ NH4+
CH3COOH CH3COO- NH3 NH4+
Conjugate acid base pair Conjugate acid base pair
Weak Acid Conjugate Base Weak Base Conjugate acid

CH 3COOH CH 3COONa NH 3 NH 4 CI
BUFFER
BUFFER

Add alkaline OH- Add acid H+ Add acid H+ Add alkaline OH-

Neutralize Neutralize Neutralize Neutralize

each other each other each other each other

CH 3COOH CH 3COO  NH 3 NH 4


Acid part
BUFFER BUFFER Salt part
Salt part
Base part
Base part Acid part
 
CH 3COOH  CH 3COO   H  CH 3COONa  CH 3COO   Na  NH 3  H 2 O  NH 4  OH  NH 4 CI  NH 4  CI 
Dissociate partially Dissociate fully Dissociate partially Dissociate fully

- CH3COOH (weak acid) + CH3COONa (salt) - NH3(weak base) + NH4CI (salt)

- CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- + H+ → CH3COOH neutralise added OH− - NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH− → NH3 molecule neutralise added H+
- CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+ → CH3COO- neutralise added H+ - NH4CI → NH4+ + CI− → NH4+ neutralise added OH−
- Effective buffer equal amt weak acid CH3COOH and base CH3COO- - Effective buffer equal amt weak base NH3 and conjugate acid NH4+
 How to prepare acidic/ basic buffer

Acidic Buffer Basic Buffer

Acidic Buffer Formula Basic Buffer Formula

• Mixture Weak acid + Salt/Conjugate base • Mixture Weak base + Salt/Conjugate acid
• CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- + H+ (dissociate partially) • NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH_ (dissociate partially)
• CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+ (dissociate fully) • NH4CI → NH4+ + CI_ (dissociate fully)

Acid Dissociation constant Base Dissociation constant

CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3COO- + H3O+ multiply -lg NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH-
Ka = (CH3COO-) (H3O+) both sides
Kb = (NH4+) (OH-)
(CH3COOH) (NH3)
-lgKa = -lgH+ -lg (CH3COO-) -lgKb = -lgOH- -lg (NH4+)
(CH3COOH) (NH3)
-lgH+ = -lg Ka + lg (CH3COO-) -lgOH- = -lgKb + lg (NH4+)
(CH3COOH) salt (NH3) salt
pH = pKa + lg (CH3COO-) pOH = pKb + lg (NH4+)
(CH3COOH) acid (NH3) base

pH = pKa + lg (salt) pH = pKa - lg (acid) pOH = pKb + lg (salt) pOH = pKb - lg (base)
(acid) (salt) (base) (salt)

Henderson Hasselbalch Equation Henderson Hasselbalch Equation

 Buffer Preparation

Acidic Buffer Preparation Basic Buffer Preparation

Prepare Acidic Buffer pH = 5.2 Buffer solution Prepare Basic Buffer pH = 9.5 or pOH = 4.5
• Choose pKa acid closest to pH 5.2 • Choose pKb base closest to pOH = 4.5
• pKa = 4.74 (ethanoic acid) chosen • pKb = 4.74 (NH3) chosen
• pH = pKa -lg [acid] • pOH = pKb -lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• 5.2 = 4.74 – lg [acid] • 4.5 = 4.74 – lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• [acid] = 0.35 • [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]
Ratio of [acid] = 0.35 Ratio of [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]

3 ways to prepare buffer 3 ways to prepare buffer

1 Use same conc acid/salt but different vol ratio 1 Use same conc base/salt but different vol ratio
• 1M, 35ml (acid) = 0.35 or 0.1M, 35ml (acid) = 0.35 • 1M, 174ml (base) = 1.74 or 0.1M, 174ml (base) = 1.74
1M, 100ml (salt) 0.1M, 100ml (salt) 1M, 100ml (salt) 0.1M, 100ml (salt)

2 Use same vol acid/salt but different conc ratio 2 Use same vol base/salt but different conc ratio
• 3.5M, 10ml (acid) = 0.35 or 0.35M, 10ml (acid) = 0.35 • 1.74M, 10ml (base) = 1.74 or 0.174M, 10ml (base) = 1.74
10M, 10ml (salt) 1M, 10ml (salt) 1M, 10ml (salt) 0.1M, 10ml (salt)

3 Use fix vol, 1dm3 and use different mole ratio (Acid/salt) 3 Use fix vol, 1dm3 and use different mole ratio (base/salt)
• 0.35 mole acid + 1 mole salt to 1 dm3 solvent = 0.35 • 1.74 mole base + 1 mole salt to 1 dm3 solvent = 1.74

Buffer capacity Buffer capacity

• Adding water will not change the pH of acidic buffer • Adding water will not change the pH of basic buffer
• Ratio of acid/salt still the same • Ratio of base/salt still the same
• Ka acid remain same • Kb base remain same
 Buffering Capacity
Acidic Buffer Preparation Basic Buffer Preparation

Prepare Acidic Buffer pH = 5.2 Buffer solution Prepare Basic Buffer pH = 9.5 or pOH = 4.5
• Choose pKa acid closest to pH 5.2 • Choose pKb base closest to pOH = 4.5
• pKa = 4.74 (ethanoic acid) chosen • pKb = 4.74 (NH3) chosen
• pH = pKa -lg [acid] • pOH = pKb -lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• 5.2 = 4.74 – lg [acid] • 4.5 = 4.74 – lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• [acid] = 0.35 • [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]
Ratio of [acid] = 0.35 Ratio of [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]

Which has greater buffering capacity ? Which has greater buffering capacity ?

1 Use same conc acid/salt but different vol ratio 1 Use same conc base/salt but different vol ratio
Buffer A Buffer B Buffer A Buffer B
• 1M, 35ml (acid) = 0.35 or 0.1M, 35ml (acid) = 0.35 • 1M, 174ml (base) = 1.74 or 0.1M, 174ml (base) = 1.74
1M, 100ml (salt) 0.1M, 100ml (salt) 1M, 100ml (salt) 0.1M, 100ml (salt)

A B A B
1M, 35ml
1M, 100ml 0.1M, 35ml 0.1M, 100ml 1M, 174ml 1M, 100ml 0.1M, 174ml 0.1M, 100ml
(acid) (base) (salt)
(salt) (acid) (salt) (base) (salt)

Buffer A > Buffer B Buffer A > Buffer B

Stronger buffering capacity Stronger buffering capacity
• Amt of acid/salt higher to neutralise added H+ or OH- • Amt of base/salt higher to neutralise added H+ or OH-
• Ratio acid/salt same, pH buffer same but buffering capacity diff • Ratio acid/salt same, pH buffer same but buffering capacity diff
• Higher buffer conc – Higher buffering capacity • Higher buffer conc – Higher buffering capacity
 Buffering Capacity
Acidic Buffer Preparation Basic Buffer Preparation

Prepare Acidic Buffer pH = 5.2 Prepare Basic Buffer at pH = 9.5 or pOH = 4.5
• Choose pKa acid closest to pH 5.2 Buffer solution • Choose pKb base closest to pOH = 4.5
• pKa = 4.74 (ethanoic acid) chosen • pKb = 4.74 (NH3) chosen
• pH = pKa -lg [acid] • pOH = pKb -lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• 5.2 = 4.74 – lg [acid] • 4.5 = 4.74 – lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• [acid] = 0.35 • [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]
Ratio of [acid] = 0.35 Ratio of [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]

Which has greater buffering capacity ? Which has greater buffering capacity ?

2 Use same vol acid/salt but different conc ratio 2 Use same vol base/salt but different conc ratio
Buffer A Buffer B Buffer A Buffer B
• 3.5M, 10ml (acid) = 0.35 or 0.35M, 10ml (acid) = 0.35 • 1.74M, 10ml (base) = 1.74 or 0.174M, 10ml (base) = 1.74
10M, 10ml (salt) 1M, 10ml (salt) 1M, 10ml (salt) 0.10M, 10ml (salt)

A B A B
3.5M, 10ml 10M, 10ml
0.35M, 10ml 1M, 10ml 1.74M, 10ml 1M, 10ml 0.174M, 10ml 0.1M, 10ml
(acid) (salt) (base) (salt)
(acid) (salt) (base) (salt)

Buffer A > Buffer B Buffer A > Buffer B

Stronger buffering capacity Stronger buffering capacity
• Amt of acid/salt higher to neutralise added H+ or OH- • Amt of base/salt higher to neutralise added H+ or OH-
• Ratio acid/salt same, pH buffer same but buffering capacity diff • Ratio acid/salt same, pH buffer same but buffering capacity diff
• Higher buffer conc – Higher buffering capacity • Higher buffer conc – Higher buffering capacity
 Buffering Capacity
Acidic Buffer Preparation Basic Buffer Preparation

Prepare Acidic Buffer pH = 5.2 Prepare Basic Buffer at pH = 9.5 or pOH = 4.5
• Choose pKa acid closest to pH 5.2 Buffer solution • Choose pKb base closest to pOH = 4.5
• pKa = 4.74 (ethanoic acid) chosen • pKb = 4.74 (NH3) chosen
• pH = pKa -lg [acid] • pOH = pKb -lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• 5.2 = 4.74 – lg [acid] • 4.5 = 4.74 – lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• [acid] = 0.35 • [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]
Ratio of [acid] = 0.35 Ratio of [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]

Which has greater buffering capacity ? Which has greater buffering capacity ?

3 Use fix vol, 1dm3 but diff mole ratio (acid/salt) 3 Use fix vol, 1dm3 but diff mole ratio (base/salt)
Buffer A Buffer B Buffer A Buffer B
• 0.35mol (acid) = 0.35 or 0.035mol (acid) = 0.35 • 1.74mol (base) = 1.74 or 0.174mol (base) = 1.74
1mol (salt) 0.1mol (salt) 1mol (salt) 0.1mol (salt)

A B A B
0.35mol 1mol 0.10mol 1.74mol 1mol 0.174mol 0.1mol
0.035mol
(acid ) (salt) (salt) (base) (salt) (base) (salt)
1dm3 (acid) 1dm3 1dm3 1dm3

Buffer A > Buffer B Buffer A > Buffer B

Stronger buffering capacity Stronger buffering capacity
• Amt of acid/salt higher to neutralise added H+ or OH- • Amt of base/salt higher to neutralise added H+ or OH-
• Ratio acid/salt same, pH buffer same but buffering capacity diff • Ratio acid/salt same, pH buffer same but buffering capacity diff
• Higher buffer conc – Higher buffering capacity • Higher buffer conc – Higher buffering capacity
 Buffering Capacity
Acidic Buffer Preparation Basic Buffer Preparation

Prepare Acidic Buffer at pH = 5.2 Prepare Basic Buffer pH = 9.5 or pOH = 4.5
• Choose pKa acid closest to pH 5.2 Buffer solution • Choose pKb base closest to pOH = 4.5
• pKa = 4.74 (ethanoic acid) chosen • pKb = 4.74 (NH3) chosen
• pH = pKa -lg [acid] • pOH = pKb -lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• 5.2 = 4.74 – lg [acid] • 4.5 = 4.74 – lg [base]
[salt] [salt]
• [acid] = 0.35 • [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]
Ratio of [acid] = 0.35 Ratio of [base] = 1.74
[salt] [salt]

Will pH change by adding water? Will pH change by adding water?

4 Same mole ratio (acid/salt) but different total volume 4 Same mole ratio (base/salt) but different total volume
Buffer A Buffer B Buffer A Buffer B
• 0.35mol (acid )= 0.35 in 1dm3 or 0.35mol (acid) = 0.35 in 2dm3 • 1.74mol (base) = 1.74 in 1dm3 or 1.74mol (base) = 1.74 in 2dm3
1mol (salt) 1mol (salt) 1mol (salt) 1mol (salt)
Add Water Add Water

A B A B
0.35mol 1mol 0.35mol 1mol
1.74mol 1mol 1.74mol 1mol
(acid) (salt ) (acid ) (salt)
1dm3 (base) 1dm3 (salt) (base) (salt)
2dm3 2dm3

pH Buffer A = pH Buffer B pH Buffer A = pH Buffer B

• Same pH • Same pH
• Adding water will not change pH • Adding water will not change pH
• Amt of acid/salt still the same • Amt of acid/salt still the same
• Ratio conc acid/salt same, pH buffer same • Ratio conc acid/salt same, pH buffer same

Weaker buffering capacity

 Buffering Capacity
Acidic Buffer Preparation Acidic Buffer Preparation

Prepare Acidic Buffer pH = 4.74 Prepare Acidic Buffer at pH = 5.2

• Choose pKa acid closest to pH 4.74 Buffer solution • Choose pKa acid closest to pH 5.2
• pKa = 4.74 (ethanoic acid) chosen • pKa = 4.74 (ethanoic acid) chosen
• pH = pKa -lg [acid] • pH = pKa -lg [acid]
[salt] [salt]
• 4.74 = 4.74 – lg [acid] • 5.2 = 4.74 – lg [acid]
[salt] [salt]
• [acid] = 1.00 • [acid] = 0.35
[salt] [salt]
Ratio of [acid] = 1.00 Ratio of [acid] = 0.35
[salt] [salt]

Which has greater buffering capacity ? Which has greater buffering capacity ?

5 Same conc ratio (acid/salt) in 1dm3 5 Different conc ratio (acid/salt) in 1dm3
Buffer A Buffer B
• 1 mol (acid ) = 1.00 • 0.35mol (acid ) = 0.35
1 mol (salt) 1.00mol (salt)

A B
1 mol 1 mol
0.35mol 1 mol
(acid) (salt) 1dm3
1dm3 (acid) (salt)

Concentration ratio Concentration ratio

[acid]/[salt] = 1 [acid]/[salt] ratio < 1

Buffer A > Buffer B Buffer A > Buffer B

• Conc ratio [acid]/[salt] = 1 • Further conc ratio [acid]/[salt] from 1
• Buffer highest buffering capacity when pH = pKa
• Conc acid = Conc salt → highest buffering capacity
Lower buffering capacity
 NEUTRALIZATION

Strong acid and Strong base Strong acid and Weak base Weak acid and Strong base

HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H2O HCI + NH4OH → NH4CI + H2O CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

Neutral salt Acidic salt Basic salt

No Salt Hydrolysis Salt Hydrolysis Salt Hydrolysis

NaCI – Ionize - Na+ and CI- ion NH4CI – Ionize - NH4+ and CI- ion CH3COONa – Ionize - Na+ and CH3COO- ion
– Na+ doesn’t cause water hydrolysis - NH4+ cause water hydrolysis - CH3COO- cause water hydrolysis
- No breaking bond in water. - Breaking bond in water - Breaking bond in water

Cation hydrolysis Anion hydrolysis

No breaking
NH4+ + H2O ↔ NH3 + H3O+ CH3COO- + H2O ↔ CH3COOH + OH-
bond in water

lose H+ to produce H+ gain H+ to produce OH-

NH4+ (Acid) - NH3 (Conjugate base) CH3COO- (Base) - CH3COOH (Conjugate acid)

NaCI → Na+ + CI- NH4CI → NH4+ + CI- CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+

NH4+ + H2O → NH3 + H3O+ CH3COO- + H2O→ CH3 COOH + OH-

No H2O hydrolysis

H2O (Neutral) H3O+ (Acidic) OH- (Alkaline)

Presence of ions from salt cause bonds in water to break

 NEUTRALIZATION

Strong acid and Strong base Strong acid and Weak base Weak acid and Strong base

Neutral salt Acidic salt Basic salt

Cation hydrolysis Anion hydrolysis
HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H2O NH4+ + H2O ↔ NH3 + H3O+ CH3COO- + H2O ↔ CH3COOH + OH-

lose H+ to produce H+ gain H+ to produce OH-

NaCI → Na+ + CI- CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+

NH4CI → NH4+ + CI-

NH4+ + H2O → NH3 + H3O+ CH3COO- + H2O→ CH3 COOH + OH-

No H2O hydrolysis

H2O (Neutral) H3O+ (Acidic) OH- (Alkaline)

Neutralization Reaction Salt Salt hydrolysis Type salt pH salt

Strong acid HCI No hydrolysis Neutral salt 7

+ + NaCI
Strong base NaOH
Strong acid HCI Cation Acidic salt <7
+ + NH4CI hydrolysis Click here on acidic buffer simulation
Weak base NH3
Weak acid CH3COOH Anion Basic salt >7
+ + CH3COONa hydrolysis
Strong base NaOH
Weak acid CH3COOH Anion/Cation Depends ?
+ + CH3COONH4 hydrolysis
Weak base NH3
Click here buffer simulation
 Salt Hydrolysis

Neutralization Reaction Salt Salt hydrolysis Type salt pH salt

Strong acid HCI No hydrolysis Neutral salt 7

+ + NaCI
Strong base NaOH
Strong acid HCI Cation Acidic salt <7
+ + NH4CI hydrolysis
Weak base NH3
Weak acid Weak acid CH3COOH Anion Basic salt >7
+ + + CH3COONa hydrolysis
Weak base Strong base NaOH
Weak acid CH3COOH Anion/Cation Depends ?
+ + CH3COONH4 hydrolysis
Weak base NH3

Weak acid and Weak base

CH3COOH + NH3 → CH3COONH4 NH3 + HF → NH4F

salt salt
CH3COONH4 → CH3 COO- + NH4 + NH4F → NH4+ + F-
anion cation cation anion

CH3COO- + H2O → CH3 COOH + OH- NH4+ + H2O → NH3 + H3O+ NH4+ + H2O → NH3 + H3O+ F- + H2O → HF + OH-

Kb OH- - Basic Ka H3O+ - Acidic Ka H3O+ - Acidic Kb OH- - Basic

Acidicity depend on Ka and Kb Acidicity depend on Ka and Kb

Ka > Kb – Acidic – H+ ions produced Ka > Kb – Acidic – H+ ions produced
Kb < Ka – Basic – OH- ions produced Kb < Ka – Basic – OH- ions produced
Ka = Kb – Neutral – hydrolyzed same extent. Ka = Kb – Neutral – hydrolyzed same extent.

Ka = Kb Kb > Ka
NEUTRAL BASIC
 Solution of HCO3- - Acidic or alkaline? Dissociation constant Ka and Kb

Amphoteric Ion

HCO3- + H2O ↔ H3O+ + CO32- HCO3- + H2O ↔ H2CO3 + OH-

lose H+ to produce H3O+ - Acidic gain H+ to produce OH- - Basic

Ka = 4.7 x 10 -11 BASIC Kb = 2.3 x 10 -8

Kb > Ka

Solution of H2PO4- - Acidic or alkaline?

H2PO4- + H2O ↔ HPO42- + H3O+ H2PO4- + H2O ↔ H3PO4 + OH-

lose H+ to produce H3O+ - Acidic gain H+ to produce OH- - Basic

Ka = 6.2 x 10 -8 ACIDIC Kb = 1.4 x 10 -12

Ka > Kb

Weak acid and Weak base

CH3COOH + NH3 → CH3COONH4 NH3 + HF → NH4F

salt salt
CH3COONH4 → CH3COO- + NH4+ NH4F → NH4+ + F-
anion cation cation
anion
CH3COO- + H2O → CH3 COOH + OH- NH4+ + H2O → NH3 + H3O+ NH4+ + H2O → NH3 + H3O+ F- + H2O → HF + OH-

Kb OH- - Basic Ka H3O+ - Acidic Ka H3O+ - Acidic Kb OH- - Basic

Ka = Kb Kb > Ka
NEUTRAL BASIC
 IB QUESTIONS

Predict for each salt whether pH is <, >, = 7

2 FeCI3 3
1 NH4NO3 Na2CO3

HNO3 + NH4OH → NH4NO3 HCI + Fe(OH)3 → FeCI3 H2CO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3

strong acid + weak base → acidic salt strong acid + weak base → acidic salt Weak acid + strong base → basic salt

pH < 7 pH < 7 pH > 7

Predict for each salt whether pH is <, >, = 7

4 5 CH3COOLi 6 KCN
NaNO3

HNO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 CH3COOH + LiOH → CH3COOLi HCN + KOH → KCN

strong acid + strong base → neutral salt Weak acid + strong base → basic salt Weak acid + strong base → basic salt

pH = 7 pH > 7 pH > 7
Deduce the pH of solution

7
H2SO4 + NH3 → ? 8
H3PO4 + KOH → ? 9
HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 → ?

strong acid + weak base → acidic salt Weak acid + strong base → basic salt strong acid + strong base → neutral salt

pH < 7 pH > 7 pH = 7
 Acidic Buffer Calculation

1 Find pH buffer - 0.10M CH3COOH(acid), 0.25M CH3COONa(salt) (CH 3 COO  )( H  )

Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
2nd method (Ka) K a 
(CH 3 COOH )
1st method (formula) Convert Ka to pKa (0.25)( H  )
1.8  10 5 
[acid ] 0.10
pH  pK a  lg K a  1.8  10 5  6
[ salt ] H  7.2  10
pK a   lg K a
[0.10] pH   lg( H  )
pH  4.74  lg 5
pK a   lg(1.8  10 )
[0.25] pH   lg(7.2  10 6 )
pK a  4.74 pH  5.14
pH  5.14

2 Find pH buffer - 0.20 mol CH3COONa(salt) add to 0.5dm3, 0.10M CH3COOH(acid) 2nd method (Ka)
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
(CH 3 COO  )( H  )
Ka 
1st method (formula) Convert Ka to pKa Conc salt (CH 3 COOH )
[acid ] Conc CH3COO- = Moles/volume
pH  pK a  lg K a  1.8  10 5 (0.40)( H  )
[ salt ] = 0.20/0.5 1.8  10 5 
pK a   lg K a = 0.40M 0.10
[0.10] 
H  4.5  10 6
pH  4.74  lg pK a   lg(1.8  10 5 )
[0.40]
pH   lg( H  )
pH  5.34 pK a  4.74
pH   lg(4.5  10 6 )
pH  5.34
3 Find conc of CH3COONa(salt) added to 1.0dm3 of 1.0M CH3COOH(acid)
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5M, pKa = 4.74 , pH 4.5
Conc [H+] Click here videos Khan Academy
1st method (formula) 2nd method (Ka)

[acid ] (CH 3 COO  )( H  ) pH   lg( H  )

pH  pK a  lg Ka 
[ salt ] (CH 3 COOH ) 4.5   lg( H  )
[1.0] (CH 3 COO  )(3.16  10 5 ) H   3.16  10 5
4.5  4.74  lg 5
1.8  10 
[ salt ] 1 .0
[1.0] 
CH 3 COO  0.0578M
lg  0.24
[ salt ]
[ salt ]  0.0578M Click here explanation from chem guide
 Basic Buffer Calculation

4 Find pH buffer - 0.50M NH3 (base), 0.32M NH4CI (salt)

Kb = 1.8 x 10-5

1st method (formula) 2nd method (Kb)


[base] NH 3  H 2 O  NH 4  OH 
pOH  pK b  lg

[ salt ] ( NH 4 )(OH  ) pOH   lg(OH  )
Click here addition base to buffer
Kb 
[0.50] ( NH 3 )
pOH  4.74  lg pOH   lg(2.81  10 5 )
[0.32] (0.32)(OH ) 

pOH  4.55 1.8  10 5  pOH  4.55

0.50
pH  14  4.55  9.45 pH  14  4.55  9.45
OH  2.81  10 5


5 Find pH buffer - 4.28g NH4CI (salt) add to 0.25dm3, 0.50NH3(base)

Kb = 1.8 x 10-5 Click here addition acid to buffer

Conc salt
1st method (formula) 2nd method (Kb)
[base] 
pOH  pK b  lg NH 3  H 2 O  NH 4  OH 
[ salt ] Mole NH4CI = mass/RMM

= 4.28 / 53.5 ( NH 4 )(OH  )
[0.50] Kb 
pOH  4.74  lg = 0.08 mol
( NH 3 ) pOH   lg(OH  )
[0.32] Conc NH4CI = moles/vol
(0.32)(OH  ) pOH   lg(2.81  10 5 )
pOH  4.55 = 0.08/0.25 1.8  10 5 
= 0.32M 0.50 pOH  4.55
pH  14  4.55  9.45
OH  2.81  10 5

pH  14  4.55  9.45
6 Find mass of CH3COONa added to 500ml, 0.10M CH3COOH(acid)
pH = 4.5, Ka = 1.8 x 10-5M, pKa = 4.74

2nd method (Ka) Conc [H+]

1st method (formula)
[acid ] CH 3 COOH  CH 3 COO   H 
pH  pK a  lg
[CH 3 COO  ] (CH 3 COO  )( H  ) pH   lg( H  )
Ka 
4.5  4.74  lg
[0.10] (CH 3 COOH ) 4.5   lg( H  )
[CH 3 COO  ]
5 (CH 3 COO  )(10  4.5 ) H   10  4.5
[0.10] 1.8  10 
lg  0.24 (0.10) Conc CH3COO- = 0.0578M → x RMM (82) → 4.74g in 1000ml
[CH 3 COO  ] 2.37g in 500ml
[CH 3 COO  ]  0.0578M

[CH 3 COO ]  0.0578
 Concept Map Buffer

[acid ]
pH Buffer formula pH  pK a  lg
[ salt ]
Click here view buffering
Buffering capacity
Proton availability Stable pH = -lg[H+] highest pH buffer

Buffer solution Ratio of acid Temperature Dilution

pH = pKa
base affect pH Add water
made up of

pH change
Weak acid ↔ Conjugate base HA ↔ H+ + A- [ Acid ]
1
or or [Conjugate base] pH will not change
Weak base ↔ Conjugate acid B + H2O ↔ BH+ + OH-
Acid base homeostasis
H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- Basic Buffering system in blood - pH blood plasma constant
- buffer range 7.0 – 7.45
Weak acid Conjugate base Bicarbonate buffering system

Exercise - release lactic acid H+/CO2

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3 - HCO3- – base neutralize added acid

Increase CO2 – Shift right – More H+ – pH ↓ - Acidic

Decrease CO2 – Shift left – Less H+ - pH ↑ - Alkaline

Respiratory acidosis (Hypoventilation)

Breathing too slowly – More CO2 in blood – pH ↓– Acidic
HCO3- reabsorb/secretion by kidney, neutralize H+

Respiratory alkalosis (Hyperventilation)

Breathing too fast – Less CO2 in blood – pH ↑– Alkaline
Release of H+ by kidney to reduce pH ↓
HCO3- secretion by kidney to reduce pH ↓
Altitude Sickness (Hyperventilation)
High altitude – [O2] ↓ – Hyperventilate ↑ – Less CO2 blood ↓ - pH ↑
Drug stimulate secretion HCO3- / increase H+ secretion by kidney
 Video on Acid/ Base

Click here on pH calculation Click here on pKa /pKb calculation How pH = pOH = 14 derived How Ka x Kb = Kw derived

Simulation on Acid/ Base

Click here on pH animation Click here to acid/base simulation

Click here on weak base simulation Click here strong acid ionization Click here on weak acid dissociation