Bronstad -

lawry theory
↳
focuses on the role
of an acid and a base in a rxn

rather than the acidic or basic properties

According to the concept

Ex -

Donates Ht donates Ht
I
HCl I
H20
->
E
-
#50 ·
+ Cl-
Bl Ht acceptor Hit acceptor
acid Bl base
ad BL base
donates It donates Ht

NH
,
-

It acceptor
+

BL
H
=
0 E IUH
BL
+ +

Ht
OF-
acceptor
BL Base Acid acid
BL base

Conjugate acid base pairs

HC1
forward
-

<1 ran

H 0/ H20 reverse rxn

,

H20/OH forward rxn

NHiY NHs reverse rxm

g a substance that can act as an acid or base depending on

the ru
,
this is called amphoteric (H =
0)

Bransted lawry acid is

profen danow

Bransted laury base is a

proton acceptor
that
BL neutralization -
a
competition for protons results in

a
proton transfer from the
strongest acid to the

base
strangest
 Conjugate acid-base pairs
->

all reactions are reversible and always result in a

acid-base
equilibrium .
In a
proton transfer rxn at equilibrium both
, forward and
reverse rus involves BL acidss bases

base
H, O
-

CH
,
COO +
+ CHy Loo
sid
-

base 4I
a
-

forward Erreverse
rxu rxn

↳ Here will always be acids (CH3COOH/H30+)

and I bases (CH, c00/H20) in equilibrium rxn
any
Here will be transfer
pains in any proton
↳
I acid-base
always conjugate
↳ acid-base each other in the table
conjugate pairs appear opposite
SA

SB

↳ weak acids -
greater attraction for protons doesn't give Ht
away
low attraction to proton gets rid of Ht
↳
strong acid ->
S
,

always favoured
· weak acid side of the ran is

↳ PH
of 0 .
500 m of hydrocloric acid

0 500 mo
.
HC1 +

He0 -
HzOt + Cl-
W

500m(Inis) som
:
o .

0 .
ot

pH =

- log (0 .
500 (
=0 . 301
 ↳
pH) of 1 00
.

of acetic asid

10 Hot CHzC00
CH
+ S +

Initial O wal ⑧
Change
+ +
X X X
-

E 1.00 -

x x w X
mol
I

6 acids have
top kn large stoich
↳ :
a
very
so
just use

products Ho][CH3C00-J
ka =

= .

[reactants] [CH, C00]

(x-x) 5 5
ka 1.
8
->
0 x
-

10
=

Si-x]
= =

x
[1 00 -x ] mol
.

=0 0042 .
=
x

-log (0 042) .
=
2 .
37 pH
the rule of 1000

sort
[HA] > 1000

ka
cross
1.8x 10-5
... [HA] -x
=
[HA]

1 00
↳ =
-
x .

Ex -H * of
.
I of 0 . 250 armonium nitrate

acid Base

[NH33t
e

NHy He0 ka =

NHyt +

HeO E NHS + H Ot
,
Reactants
favoured
5 5 )(i)= e
5

6x10-
2
-

1 18
:
.
x 10 .
-

x X

X
=1 .
18 x 10:5
5)
I of denominator
1000 works farget pH log(1 18 x 10
-

rule
-

-x = .

=4
-

in the .

93 H
 findboseing Of concentration
+OH-
hydroxide (NaOH
↳
Nat
strang
-
is a canic

↳ weak bases are calculated the same

way
as acids

Ex pH of 0 25.

of aquees ammonia

NHy +
HeO = NHy +
OH-

k =

[NH "] [OH-] ⑪ 14-1

682pOH=
32
, +
.

18 -40
2
68
-

2
(OH-]
.
=

[NH3] 10
.

[NH3] [NA +]
,
IOH'] [OHY = 2
I 0 .
250 0- O =0 . 00209 : [NH , "]
L 0 00208
.
0 00208
.
O 00208
-

↓ N
E 0 2479
.

k
=

(33 =
(0 00208)/0 00208)
. .

10 2479107)
.

1.8x18-5
=

Calculate the pH af a
0 .
250molk sodium oxalate solution
OOCLOO +

H20 = OH+ HOOCOO-

[0OL002] [H20] [OH-] [HOOCCO0-] k =

E
mol 10-14

X
mol
250
1.
0 x
I 0 O I O I -1 4
5 10
. -

.
x

C -

X +
X +X =
6 6 x10
.
- "

mol
E 0 . 250: x x I x Rule
of 1000
- [OH-]
[0H] [H00C00'3 1000

kb
-

"

-
66

ooo
-

18
=

x
~
=
.

[00c2002-7 o

= 10 - "

pOH=-log[OH-] 10 [0H]
-log [40x10-6]
=

= =
x

5 =

. 3890 ...

14 -

pOH
=

pH
8 .
61 =
pH
stander
olution-
14- 0
⑧ ⑧

burratt
Entrant, pH..... --
- - -

De i
⑧ I
-
anch
-
I
-

7
⑧
!
un
Known
solution :.... I
08
fitment added
volume
of

HCl Nat
Titration
WaF
-

of w/ -> Nat + F
SB (HgOt
-

F HF
Hz0 H20 products favoured
+ +

14 I

prodominate
F/ HE
=
species
-

>

pH
7-
..............

stai I

exCeSS
...... rot ...

,
"
of titrat
volum

titration of 12SOS w/
Nors
Poly Protic

H2503 HSO

Hs0s-searin
... e
+
OH - E H20 +
3 product favoured
i
exceSS

HSOz OH-E
d
+

SO2 +

HeO product favoured

pH y
-
HSO3 ⑧
·
E

first equivalence
prodominant
" point

.......
H2SO3 species
H250 , -
⑳

valume of fitment
 Buffers
↳
a combination of a acid/base in the same solution
pair
↳
best buffers the middle the table
are in
of

resist when acid added

buffer
↳ works to base
a pH change or is

body buffers H2C0 , /HCOs.

↳ :

our

H2COz +
H20 H30t +
HCO-
Add ↑

[H,Ot] littlepH
very
HO > ↓ [H30"]
change

Add ↓ [H30] little pH

very
OH- ->
[HzO] change
 Equilibrium chan

aA +

bB c + dD

k [C J [D]d leave
* and solids
out liquids
=
.

[A] " [B]B unless all liquid

k products favoured
,

I
KC neither
favoured
:

kcal reactants
favoured
[products]
kc =

[reactants]

An equilibrium constant value

-no info on the role of the ran

depends temperature
-

on

-independents of reagent concentration

-idepondent of catalysts
independent from time
-

stated in numbers wI no units

Ex COg HaGigs [Ozig Hangs

+ +
.

. .
r
420 = -

k =

[C02][Hz] 2
-1 .
=

1 -

[CO] [H20] -2 . 04(4=x) =

x -

[CO] [H20] [CO2] [H2]

,
Youd 4 00I en
. 0 O

C + X +X 1 31
.
=

4 00-1 31
.
.
=
[CO] =

[H20]

X X
 the Chateliers Principle

"When the
equilibrium system is disturbed the rxn tries to
oppose
what happened

The
&
3
stage process
initial equilibrium rxn

② a
shifting -

equilibrium
non state

③ a new equilibrium state

Variables affecting chemical Equilibrium

Variable Stress Rxx response shift

concentration ↑reactants] ↓
[reactants] >
foward ran farmed

[reactants] ↑ [reastans]
farmed
↓ I
reverse rxn

formed
↑

[product ] ↓ [product ] z
reverse rxn

↓
forward farmed
↑

[product ] [product] >

exn

temperature ↑ temp
endo ran
↓
temp forward

↑
Any forward
I
~ temp temp reverse
endo ran

shift will increase

↑temp
exo rxx
↓ tomp E
reverse the value of k

↓temp
exorxe
↑ temp ->

forward
↑ pressure
pressure
e
shifts to side wh
Pressure ↓volume Less moles

↑ ↑moles
pressure
lifts
to site wi
pressure
↑

↓ pressure
↓ pressure t moles ↑ volume ↓ volume moles
 2NH3eg)
+

Naigst 3Hzig) energy

Stress shift Graph

increas [N2]
Rx presponse ->

forward
!
-
Ne
:
time

forward
-

·
Remove [NAzinas] [NAscags]
-

site
i
time

add
ar
catalyst
inert
gas
No response None [N2]
,
times

heat system
i
↓ tamp
↳
reverse
[N2]
↑
tan
time

↓I

forward
↑
↓ -
pressure pressure
[N2J
volume ↓
, " me