SOLUTION

SOLUTE WATER SOLVENT

can be

ACID

BASE

SALT

can be defined by

ARRHENIUS THEORY OF IONIZATION

BRONSTED LOWRY CONCEPT

LEWIS THEORY
 NaOH + H2O Na+ + OH-

Theory Acid Base OH + O

H

H
H
[H3O+] = H+ O
H

HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+

Arrhenius One which contains a One which contains a

hydrogen which will hydroxide which will
be yielded as a H+1 in be yielded as OH-! In
water water

Bronstead Lowry Proton donor Proton acceptor

Lewis E’ pair donor

E’ pair acceptor
 Arrhenius acid

HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+

H
[H3O+] = H+ O
H
It has H : has a potential to donate H+

Proton donor

Bronsted
H
+1
+ 2e ' H
acid
E pair acceptor
Lewis
acid
 Arrhenius base

+1 -1
Na OH Na + OH

it has OH w/c is
negative; +1 -1
potential proton
acceptor Na + OH
Bronsted base

Has several
e’ pairs;
potential e’
pair donor
Lewis base
HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+

Acid1 Conjugate base1

Conjugate acid2
Base2
What had What had
become of the become of the
acid after base after
donating a accepting a
proton proton
SINCE the conjugates are again acid and base , they will react to
form a backward acid base reaction

So that a backward acid base reaction happens

HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+

Acid Conjugate baseConjugate acid

Base
A strong acid has a weak conjugate base

HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+

SB
weakConjugate acid
base

SA

Weak
Conjugate base
acid

At equilibrium weak are favored

Acid Strength and Strong Acids
The strength of an acid refers to how readily an Given an acid , HA
acid will lose or donate a proton, oftentimes in HA H+ + A-
solution
the arithmetic description of the
. A stronger acid more readily ionizes, or
extent the acid donates its proton
dissociates, in a solution than a weaker acid.
is called ,,Ka
The six common strong acids are:
Ka values oftenly measured experimen
and recorded into tables

Ka↑, the stronger the acid

Notice that Ka values are very small that it is difficult
to do arithmetic to them. So another way of defining
the strength of an acid is it pKa
pKa = -log Ka

pKa ↓ , Ka↑, stronger the acid

 Base Strength and Strong Bases
The base dissociation constant, Kb,
is a measure of basicity—the
A base is considered strong if it can
base’s general strength. 
readily deprotonate (i.e, remove an H+ ion)
from other compounds.

Kb↑, strong base, pKb↓

 [𝐻3 0¿¿
Kw= extent of the auto ionization of water 𝐾𝑤=
[ 𝐻 2𝑂

𝐾𝑤
Mole ratio 1 : 1

H 3O+ =
[
OH- =

=
 solution

Solvent (water
solute

ACID H+ H3O+ + OH- H2O + H2O

How much of these ions are present ?

BASE OH-

ACIDITY AND OR BASICITY OF THE SOLUTION

Interplay of these ions is
 Possible interplays are

H
+
> OH
-
Acidic

SOLUTION
H
+
< OH
-
basi
c

H
+
= OH
-
neutral
 solution

Solvent (water
solute

ACID H+ H3O+ + OH- H2O + H2O

How much of these ions are present ?

BASE OH-
Interplay of these ions is

ACIDITY AND OR BASICITY OF THE SOLUTION

 base OH-
When an acid is added to water , the H+ concentration of the
resulting solution is determined solely by the acid
base

Explained by : Le Chatelier’s Principle

- +
HCl Cl H + -
NaOH Na + OH
0.01 M 0.01
0.02 M 0.02 M
+ -
H
+
OH
- H2 O H + OH
H2 O
Small amount Small amount

+
H = 0.01 OH- = 0.02 M
solution acidic solution
basic
[ ] in M of hydrogen ions and or hydroxide ions more often are either very small or very large.
comparison of these ions are difficult.

pH and or pOH- a convenient way of expressing acidity and or basicity

Likewise
 Another solute that can be dissolved in water is salt. Most salts are ions in water.
Depending upon how the ions of the salt interact with water, some salt
solutions, are acidic , some are basic and some are neutral

salt

The interaction of the ions of the salt with water is called hydrolysis. To simplify the
discussion of hydrolysis salts are categorized into four categories.

Category I : Salts whose ions are Aprotic

Category II: Salts whose Anions act as Bases
Category III: Salts whose Cations act as Acids
Category IV: Salts whose Anions act as Acids and whose Cations act as Acids
 Recall that salts are one of the products of acid base reaction and which the other
product is water

ACID + BASE SALT + HOH

To illustrate :

acid base

HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH

CH3COOH + KOH CH3COO K + HOH

HNO3 + NH4OH NH4NO3 + HOH

CH3COOH + NH4OH NH4CH3COO + HOH

BUT WHAT KIND OF ACIDS AND BASES ARE USED ?

Category I: Salt whose ions are Being weak the conjugates are, will not accept
aprotic nor donate protons with water (no base acid
reaction with water)

SB2 weak conjugate acid 2

HCl + NaOH Na+ + Cl- + H2O

SA1 weak conjugate base1

Thus no backward reaction , no equilibrium

established from this acid base reaction.

The only equilibrium present is that of water

HOH + HOH H3O+ + OH-

There is no change in the concentration of H+ & OH-. Their concentrations will just be
coming from water, that is [H+] = [OH-] = 1x10 -7, thus the pH of the salt solution is
neutral
Category II : Salt Whose Anions Act as Bases

Weak Strong
acid base

CH3COO- K+
strong conjugate weak conjugate
base acid

The conjugate base being strong means will strongly accept a proton( base) from water

Because of [OH-] from

-
CH3COO- + HOH CH3COOH + OH hydrolysis , the salt
strong conjugate
base
solution is basic

HOH + HOH H 3O + + OH-

Category III: Salts whose cations act as Acids

Strong Weak
Acid base

NH4+ NO3-
strong conjugate weak conjugate
acid base

The conjugate acid being strong means will strongly donate a proton( acid) to
water

NH4+ HOH NH3 + H3O+ Because of [H3O+]

+
strong conjugate from hydrolysis , the
acid salt solution is acidic

HOH + HOH H3O+ + OH-

 Category IV : Salts whose Anions act as Bases and whose Cations Act as Acids.
Weak acid Weak base

The conjugate acid being strong means will strongly donate a proton( acid) to water, likewise the
conjugate base being strong means will strongly accept a proton( base) from water

NH4+ + HOH NH3 + H3O+

strong conjugate base
acid
From hydrolysis both [H3O+] and [OH-] , are present
CH3COO- HOH CH3COOH + OH
- the nature of this kind of salt solution depends upon
+
strong conjugate acid which of these ions is more. An idea of how much
base these ions are present is by comparing the K values
of the acid and base formed after hydrolysis . So that
if
HOH + HOH H3O+ + OH- Ka>Kb acidic
Kb>Ka basic
Ka=Kb neutral
Ka CH3COOH = 1.8 X10-5 = Kb NH4OH . The salt solution is neutral