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9.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases
The earliest definition was given by Arrhenius:
HCl H2SO4
hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid
H
HBr O acidic H
hydrobromic acid H C C atom
H O H
HNO3
nitric acid acetic acid
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9.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases
A. Brønsted–Lowry Acids
•A monoprotic acid contains one acidic proton.
HCl
NH3 NaOH
sodium hydroxide
ammonia
KOH
H2O potassium hydroxide
water Mg(OH)2
magnesium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
calcium hydroxide
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9.2 The Reaction of a Brønsted–Lowry
Acid with a Brønsted–Lowry Base
This e− pair forms
This e− pair a new bond to H+.
stays on A. gain of H+
H A + B A − + H B+
acid base
loss of H+
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9.2 The Reaction of a Brønsted–Lowry
Acid with a Brønsted–Lowry Base
gain of H+
H A + B A − + H B+
acid base conjugate conjugate
base acid
loss of H+
gain of H+
loss of H+
HBr lose H+
Br−
acid
zero charge −1 charge 12
9.2 The Reaction of a Brønsted–Lowry
Acid with a Brønsted–Lowry Base
Amphoteric compound: A compound that contains
both a hydrogen atom and a lone pair of e−; it can
be either an acid or a base.
H +
add H+
H O H H O H
H2O as a base conjugate acid
−
remove H+
H O H H O
H2O as an acid conjugate base
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9.3 Acid and Base Strength
A. Relating Acid and Base Strength
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9.3 Acid and Base Strength
A. Relating Acid and Base Strength
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9.3 Acid and Base Strength
A. Relating Acid and Base Strength
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9.3 Acid and Base Strength
A. Relating Acid and Base Strength
OH− H2O
strong base weak conjugate acid
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9.3 Acid and Base Strength
A. Relating Acid and Base Strength
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9.3 Acid and Base Strength
B. Using Acid Strength to Predict the Direction
of Equilibrium
•A Brønsted–Lowry acid–base reaction represents
an equilibrium.
H A + B A − + H B+
acid base conjugate conjugate
base acid
H A + B A − + H B+
stronger stronger weaker weaker
acid base base acid
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9.3 Acid and Base Strength
B. Using Acid Strength to Predict the Direction
of Equilibrium
•If an acid–base reaction would form the stronger
acid and base, equilibrium favors the reactants
and little product forms.
H A + B A − + H B+
weaker weaker stronger stronger
acid base base acid
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9.3 Acid and Base Strength
HOW TO Predict the Direction of Equilibrium in an
Acid–Base Reaction
Are the reactants or products favored in
Example
the following acid–base reaction?
gain of H+
loss of H+
[H3O+][ A −]
K =
[HA][H2O]
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9.4 Equilibrium and Acid Dissociation
Constants
•Multiplying both sides by [H2O] forms a new constant,
called the acid dissociation constant, Ka.
[H3O+][ A −]
Ka = K[H2O] =
[HA]
acid dissociation
constant
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9.5 Dissociation of Water
loss of H+ +
H
−
H O H + H O H O H + H O H
acid base conjugate conjugate
base acid
gain of H+
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9.5 Dissociation of Water
•From the reaction of two water molecules, the
following equilibrium constant expression can be
written:
[H3O+][OH−]
K =
[H2O]2
Kw = [H3O+][OH−]
ion-product
constant
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9.5 Dissociation of Water
Kw = [H3O+] [OH−]
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9.5 Dissociation of Water
Kw = [H3O+][OH−] Kw = [H3O+][OH−]
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9.5 Dissociation of Water
If the [H3O+] in a cup of coffee is 1.0 x 10−5 M, then
the [OH−] can be calculated as follows:
Kw 1.0 x 10−14
[OH−] = = −5
= 1.0 x 10−9 M
[H3O+] 1.0 x 10
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9.5 Dissociation of Water
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9.6 The pH Scale
A. Calculating pH
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9.6 The pH Scale
A. Calculating pH
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9.6 The pH Scale
B. Calculating pH Using a Calculator
pH = 4.92
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9.7 Common Acid–Base Reactions
A. Reaction of Acids with Hydroxide Bases
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9.7 Common Acid–Base Reactions
HOW TO Draw a Balanced Equation for a Neutralization
Reaction Between HA and MOH
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9.7 Common Acid–Base Reactions
HOW TO Draw a Balanced Equation for a Neutralization
Reaction between HA and MOH
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9.9 Titration
•To determine the concentration of an acid or base
in a solution, we carry out a titration.
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9.9 Titration
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9.10 Buffers
A buffer is a solution whose pH changes very little
when acid or base is added.
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9.10 Buffers
A. General Characteristics of a Buffer
If a base is added to the following buffer equilibrium,
then the excess base reacts with the conjugate acid,
so the overall pH does not change much.
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9.10 Buffers
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9.10 Buffers
B. Calculating the pH of a Buffer
•The effective pH range of a buffer depends on its Ka.
HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A −(aq)
[H3O+][ A −]
Ka =
[HA]
[HA]
[H3 O+] = Ka x
[ A −]
determines the
buffer pH 50
9.11 Focus on the Human Body
Buffers in the Blood
H3O+(aq) + HCO3−(aq)
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9.11 Focus on the Human Body
Buffers in the Blood
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilating;
very little CO2 is produced by the body.
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