Chapter 35 - Python: 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Chapter 35 – Python
Outline
35.1 Introduction
35.1.1 First Python Program
35.1.2 Python Keywords
35.2 Basic Data Types, Control Statements and Functions
35.3 Tuples, Lists and Dictionaries
35.4 String Processing and Regular Expressions
35.5 Exception Handling
35.6 Introduction to CGI Programming
35.7 Form Processing and Business Logic
35.8 Cookies
35.9 Database Application Programming Interface (DB-API)
35.9.1 Setup
35.9.2 Simple DB-API Program
35.10 Operator Precedence Chart
35.11 Web Resources
 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives
• In this lesson, you will learn:

– To understand basic Python data types.
– To understand string processing and regular expressions in
Python.
– To use exception handling.
– To perform basic CGI tasks in Python.
– To construct programs that interact with MySQL databases
using the Python Database Application Programming
Interface (DB-API).

35.1 Introduction
• Python
– Interpreted
– Cross-platform
– Object-oriented
– Large-scale Internet search engines
– Small administration scripts
– GUI applications
– CGI scripts
– Freely distributed

• Python
– Can be executed on a program stored in a file
– Can run in interactive mode
• Users enter lines of code one at a time
• Enables programmers to test small blocks of code quickly

1 # Fig. 35.1: fig35_01.py
# A first program in Python
2
Outline
3
4 print "Welcome to Python!"
fig35_01.py
Welcome to Python!
(1 of 1)
 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit

(Intel)] on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> print "Welcome to Python!"
Welcome to Python!
>>> ^Z
Fig. 35.2 Python in interactive mode.

• Python is case-sensitive
• Keywords can be obtained from keyword module

Python
keywords
and continue else for import not raise
assert def except from in or return
break del exec global is pass try
class elif finally if lambda print while
Fig. 35.3 Python keywords.

(Intel)] on win32
information.
>>> import keyword
>>> print keyword.kwlist
['and', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def',
'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'exec', 'finally',
'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is',
'lambda', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'print', 'raise',
'return', 'try', 'while']
>>>
Fig. 35.4 Printing Python keywords in interactive mode.

35.2 Basic Data Types, Control Statements
and Functions
• Introduces basic data types, control statements,
and functions
– while loop
– if statement
– Modulo operator ( % )
– return keyword
– if…elif…else statement
– Line-continuation character ( \ )
– Escape sequences

1 # Fig. 35.5: fig35_05.py
2 # Program to illustrate basic data types, control structures and Outline
3 # functions.
4
5 def greatestCommonDivisor( x, y ): fig35_05.py
6 gcd = min( x, y ) (1 of 2)
7
8 while gcd >= 1:
9
10 if ( x % gcd ) == ( y % gcd ) == 0:
11 return gcd
12 else:
13 gcd -= 1
14
15 def determineColor( color ):
16
17 if color == "green":
18 print "You entered green!"
19 elif color == "purple":
20 print "You entered purple!"
21 else:
22 print "You did not enter green or purple."
23
24 number1 = int( raw_input( "Enter a positive integer: " ) )
25 number2 = int( raw_input( "Enter a positive integer: " ) )

26
27 print "The greatest common divisor is", \
Outline
28 greatestCommonDivisor( number1, number2 )
29
30 for entry in range( 5 ): fig35_05.py
31 colorChoice = raw_input( "\nEnter your favorite color: " ) (2 of 2)
32 determineColor( colorChoice )
Enter a positive integer: 2

Enter a positive integer: 30
The greatest common divisor is 2
Enter your favorite color: yellow

You did not enter green or purple.
Enter your favorite color: green

You entered green!
Enter your favorite color: black

Enter your favorite color: purple

You entered purple!
Enter your favorite color: red


35.2 Basic Data Types, Control Statements
and Functions
Escape Meaning
sequence
\n Newline (line feed).
\r Carriage return.
\t Tab.
\' Single quote.
\" Double quote.
\b Backspace.
\\ Backslash.
Fig. 35.6 Escape sequences.

• list
– A sequence of related data
• Tuple
– A list whose elements may not be modified
– Immutable
– Singleton
• One-element tuple
• Dictionary
– A list of values that are accessed through their associated
keys

1 # Fig. 35.7: fig35_07.py
2 # A program that illustrates tuples, lists and dictionaries.
Outline
3
4 # tuples
5 aTuple = ( 1, "a", 3.0 ) # create tuple fig35_07.py
6 firstItem = aTuple[ 0 ] # first tuple item (1 of 3)
7 secondItem = aTuple[ 1 ] # second tuple item
8 thirdItem = aTuple[ 2 ] # third tuple item
9
10 print "The first item in the tuple is", firstItem
11 print "The second item in the tuple is", secondItem
12 print "The third item in the tuple is", thirdItem
13 print
14
15 firstItem, secondItem, thirdItem = aTuple
16 print "The first item in the tuple is", firstItem
17 print "The second item in the tuple is", secondItem
18 print "The third item in the tuple is", thirdItem
19 print
20
21 aTuple += ( 4, )
22 print "Used the += statement on the tuple"
23 print
24

25 # print the tuple
26 print "The raw tuple data is:", aTuple
Outline
27 print "The items in the tuple are:"
28
29 for item in aTuple: # print each item fig35_07.py
30 print item, (2 of 3)
31
32 print # end previous line
33 print # blank line
34
35 # lists
36 aList = [ 1, 2, 3 ] # create list
37 aList[ 0 ] = 0 # change first element of list
38 aList.append( 5 ) # add item to end of list
39
40 print "The raw list data is:", aList # print list data
41 print
42
43 aList += [ 4 ] # add an item to the end of the list
44 print "Added an item to the list using the += statement"
45 print
46
47 # print each item in the list
48 print "The items in the list are:"
49

50 for item in aList:
print item,
51
Outline
52
53 print # end previous line
54 print # blank line fig35_07.py
55 (3 of 3)
56 # dictionaries
57 aDictionary = { 1 : "January", 2 : "February", 3 : "March",
58 4 : "April", 5 : "May", 6 : "June", 7 : "July",
59 8 : "August", 9 : "September", 10 : "October",
60 11 : "November" }
61 aDictionary[ 12 ] = "December" # add item to dictionary
62
63 print "The raw dictionary data is:", aDictionary
64 print "\nThe entries in the dictionary are:"
65
66 for item in aDictionary.keys():
67 print "aDictionary[ ", item, " ] = ", aDictionary[ item ]

The first item in the tuple is 1
The second item in the tuple is a
The third item in the tuple is 3.0
The first item in the tuple is 1

The second item in the tuple is a
The third item in the tuple is 3.0
Used the += statement on the tuple
The raw tuple data is: (1, 'a', 3.0, 4)

The items in the tuple are:
1 a 3.0 4
The raw list data is: [0, 2, 3, 5]
Added an item to the list using the += statement
The items in the list are:

0 2 3 5 4
The raw dictionary data is: {12: 'December', 11: 'November', 10: 'October', 9:
'September', 8: 'August', 7: 'July', 6: 'June', 5: 'May', 4: 'April', 3: 'March',
2: 'February', 1: 'January'}
The entries in the dictionary are:

aDictionary[ 12 ] = December
aDictionary[ 11 ] = November
aDictionary[ 10 ] = October
aDictionary[ 9 ] = September
aDictionary[ 8 ] = August
aDictionary[ 7 ] = July
aDictionary[ 6 ] = June
aDictionary[ 5 ] = May
aDictionary[ 4 ] = April
aDictionary[ 3 ] = March
aDictionary[ 2 ] = February
aDictionary[ 1 ] = January

Method Purpose
append( item ) Inserts item at the end of the list.
count( item ) Returns the number of occurrences of item in the list.
extend( newList ) Inserts newList at the end of the list.
index( item ) Returns the index of the first occurrence of item in the list.
If the element is not in the list, a ValueError exception
occurs. [Note: We discuss exceptions in Section 35.5]
insert( index, Inserts item at position index.
item )
pop( [index] ) Removes and returns the last element in the list. If
parameter index is specified, removes and returns the
element at position index.
remove( item ) Removes the first occurrence of item from the list. If item
is not in the list, a ValueError exception occurs.
reverse() Reverses the items in the list.
sort( [function] ) Sorts the items in the list. Optional parameter function is a
comparison function that may be user defined.
Fig. 35.8 Python list methods.

Method Description
clear() Deletes all items from the dictionary.
copy() Creates a copy of the dictionary.
get( key [, falseValue] ) Returns the value associated with key. If key is not
in the dictionary and if falseValue is specified,
returns the specified value.
has_key( key ) Returns 1 if key is in the dictionary; returns 0 if key
is not in the dictionary.
items() Returns a list of tuples that are key-value pairs.
keys() Returns a list of keys in the dictionary.
setdefault( key [, Behaves similarly to method get. If key is not in
falseValue] ) the dictionary and falseValue is specified, inserts
the key and the specified value into the dictionary.
update( otherDictionary ) Adds all the key-value pairs from otherDictionary
to the current dictionary.
values() Returns a list of values in the dictionary.
Fig. 35.9 Dictionary methods.

35.4 String Processing and Regular
Expressions
• Regular expression
– Used to search through strings, text files, databases, and so
on
• Regular-expression string
– Defines a pattern with which text data can be compared

1 # Fig. 35.10: fig35_10.py
2 # Program to illustrate use of strings
Outline
3
4 # simple string assignments
5 string1 = "This is a string." fig35_10.py
6 print string1 (1 of 2)
7
8 string2 = "This is a second string."
9 print string2
10
11 # string concatenation
12 string3 = string1 + " " + string2
13 print string3
14
15 # using operators
16 string4 = '*'
17 print "String with an asterisk: " + string4
18 string4 *= 10
19 print "String with 10 asterisks: " + string4
20
21 # using quotes
22 print "This is a string with \"double quotes.\""
23 print 'This is another string with "double quotes."'
24 print 'This is a string with \'single quotes.\''
25 print "This is another string with 'single quotes.'"

26 print """This string has "double quotes" and 'single quotes.'"""
27
Outline
28 # string formatting
29 name = raw_input( "Enter your name: " )
30 age = raw_input( "Enter your age: " ) fig35_10.py
31 print "Hello, %s, you are %s years old." % ( name, age ) (2 of 2)
This is a string.
This is a second string.
This is a string. This is a second string.
String with an asterisk: *
String with 10 asterisks: **********
This is a string with "double quotes."
This is another string with "double quotes."
This is a string with 'single quotes.'
This is another string with 'single quotes.'
This string has "double quotes" and 'single quotes.'
Enter your name: Brian
Enter your age: 33
Hello, Brian, you are 33 years old.

Expressions
Symbol Meaning
c Single character (i.e., a string of length 1).
s String.
d Signed decimal integer.
u Unsigned decimal integer.
o Unsigned octal integer.
x Unsigned hexadecimal integer (using format abcdef).
X Unsigned hexadecimal integer (using format ABCDEF).
f Floating-point number.
e, E Floating-point number (using scientific notation).
g, G Floating-point number (using least-significant digits).
Fig. 35.11 String-format characters.

1 # Fig. 35.12: fig35_12.py
2 # Program searches a string using the regular expression module. Outline
3
4 import re
5 fig35_12.py
6 searchString = "Testing pattern matches" (1 of 2)
7
8 expression1 = re.compile( r"Test" )
9 expression2 = re.compile( r"^Test" )
10 expression3 = re.compile( r"Test$" )
11 expression4 = re.compile( r"\b\w*es\b" )
12 expression5 = re.compile( r"t[aeiou]", re.I )
13
14 if expression1.search( searchString ):
15 print '"Test" was found.'
16
17 if expression2.match( searchString ):
18 print '"Test" was found at the beginning of the line.'
19
20 if expression3.match( searchString ):
21 print '"Test" was found at the end of the line.'
22
23 result = expression4.findall( searchString )
24

25 if result:
print 'There are %d words(s) ending in "es":' % \
26
Outline
27 ( len( result ) ),
28
29 for item in result: fig35_12.py
30 print " " + item, (2 of 2)
31
32 print
33 result = expression5.findall( searchString )
34
35 if result:
36 print 'The letter t, followed by a vowel, occurs %d times:' % \
37 ( len( result ) ),
38
39 for item in result:
40 print " " + item,
41
42 print

Expressions
Character Matches
^ Beginning of string.
$ End of string.
. Any character, except a newline.
* Zero or more occurrences of the pattern.
+ One or more occurrences of the preceding pattern.
? Zero or one occurrence of the preceding pattern.
{m, n} Between m and n occurrences of the preceding pattern.
\b Word boundary (i.e., the beginning or end of a word).
\B Nonword boundary.
\d Digit ([0–9]).
\D Nondigit.
\w Any alpha-numeric character.
[...] Any character defined by the set.
[^...] Any character not defined by the set.
Fig. 35.13 re module’s regular-expression characters.

• Enables programs and programmers to identify an

error when it occurs and take appropriate action
• try…except blocks


(Intel)] on win32
information.
>>> 1 / 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
>>>
Fig. 35.14 Interactive session illustrating a ZeroDivisionError exception.

1 # Fig. 35.15: fig35_15.py
2 # A simple program that illustrates exceptions.
Outline
3
4 def getFloat():
5 return float( raw_input( "Enter a number: " ) ) fig35_15.py
6 (1 of 1)
7 number1 = number2 = None
8
9 while number1 == None:
10 try:
11 number1 = getFloat()
12 except ValueError:
13 print "Value entered was not a number"
14
15 while number2 == None:
16 try:
17 number2 = getFloat()
18 except ValueError:
19 print "Value entered was not a number"
20
21 try:
22 result = number1 / number2
23 except ZeroDivisionError:
24 print "Cannot divide by zero!"
25 else:
26 print "The result of division is: %f" % result

35.6 Introduction to CGI Programming
• Use Python on the Web

– cgi
• For access to XHTML forms
• Directive (pound-bang or Shebang)
– Provides server with location of Python executable
• cgi module
– Provides functionalities for writing CGI scripts
• environ data member
– Holds all environment variables
– Cookie
• To read and write cookies
– smtplib
• To manipulate SMTP messages
– urllib
• To manipulate Web data
– ftplib
• To perform client-side FTP tasks

1 #!c:\Python\python.exe
2 # Fig 35.16: fig35_16.py
Outline
3 # Program to display CGI environment variables
4
5 import os fig35_16.py
6 import cgi (1 of 2)
7
8 print "Content-type: text/html"
9 print
10
11 print """<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
12 "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
13 "DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">"""
14
15 print """
16 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"
17 lang="en">
18 <head><title>Environment Variables</title></head>
19 <body><table style = "border: 0">"""
20
21 rowNumber = 0
22
23 for item in os.environ.keys():
24 rowNumber += 1
25

26 if rowNumber % 2 == 0:
backgroundColor = "white"
27
Outline
28 else:
29 backgroundColor = "lightgrey"
30 fig35_16.py
31 print """<tr style = "background-color: %s"> (2 of 2)
32 <td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>""" \
33 % ( backgroundColor, item,
34 cgi.escape( os.environ[ item ] ) )
35
36 print """</table></body></html>"""

35.7 Form Processing and Business Logic
• XHTML forms
– Allow users to enter data to be sent to a Web server for
processing

1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
2 "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" Outline
3 "DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
4 
5 fig35_17.html
6 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" (1 of 3)
7 lang="en">
8 <head>
9 <title>Sample FORM to take user input in HTML</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body style = "font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt">
13
14 <div style = "font-size: 15pt; font-weight: bold">
15 This is a sample registration form.
16 </div>
17 Please fill in all fields and click Register.
18
19 <form method = "post" action = "/cgi-bin/fig35_18.py">
20 <img src = "images/user.gif" alt = "user" /><br />
21 <div style = "color: blue">
22 Please fill out the fields below.<br />
23 </div>
24
25 <img src = "images/fname.gif" alt = "firstname" />

26 <input type = "text" name = "firstname" /><br />
<img src = "images/lname.gif" alt = "lastname" />
27
Outline
28 <input type = "text" name = "lastname" /><br />
29 <img src = "images/email.gif" alt = "email" />
30 <input type = "text" name = "email" /><br /> fig35_17.html
31 <img src = "images/phone.gif" alt = "phone" /> (2 of 3)
32 <input type = "text" name = "phone" /><br />
33
34 <div style = "font-size: 8pt">
35 Must be in the form (555)555-5555<br/><br/>
36 </div>
37
38 <img src = "images/downloads.gif" alt = "downloads" /><br />
39 <div style = "color: blue">
40 Which book would you like information about?<br />
41 </div>
42
43 <select name = "book">
44 <option>XML How to Program</option>
45 <option>Python How to Program</option>
46 <option>E-business and E-commerce How to Program</option>
47 <option>Internet and WWW How to Program 3e</option>
48 <option>C++ How to Program 4e</option>
49 <option>Java How to Program 5e</option>
50 <option>Visual Basic How to Program</option>

51 </select>
<br /><br />
52
Outline
53
54 <img src = "images/os.gif" alt = "os" /><br />
55 <div style = "color: blue"> fig35_17.html
56 Which operating system are you (3 of 3)
57 currently using?<br />
58 </div>
59
60 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows XP"
61 checked = "checked" />
62 Windows XP
63 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows 2000" />
64 Windows 2000
65 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows 95_98" />
66 Windows 95/98/ME<br />
67 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Linux" />
68 Linux
69 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Other" />
70 Other<br />
71 <input type = "submit" value = "Register" />
72
73 </form>
74 </body>
75 </html>

2 # Fig. 35.18: fig35_18.py
Outline
3 # Program to read information sent to the server from the
4 # form in the form.html document.
5 fig35_18.py
6 import cgi (1 of 4)
7 import re
8
9 # the regular expression for matching most US phone numbers
10 telephoneExpression = \
11 re.compile( r'^$\d{3}$\d{3}-\d{4}$' )
12
13 def printContent():
15 print
16 print """
18 lang="en">
19 <head><title>Registration results</title></head>
20 <body>"""
21
22 def printReply():
23 print """
24 Hi <span style = "color: blue; font-weight: bold">
25 %(firstName)s</span>.

26 Thank you for completing the survey.<br />
You have been added to the <span style = "color: blue;
27
Outline
28 font-weight: bold">%(book)s </span> mailing list.<br /><br />
29
30 <span style = "font-weight: bold"> fig35_18.py
31 The following information has been saved in our database: (2 of 4)
32 </span><br />
33
34 <table style = "border: 0; border-width: 0;
35 border-spacing: 10">
36 <tr><td style = "background-color: yellow">Name </td>
37 <td style = "background-color: yellow">Email</td>
38 <td style = "background-color: yellow">Phone</td>
39 <td style = "background-color: yellow">OS</td></tr>
40
41 <tr><td>%(firstName)s %(lastName)s</td><td>%(email)s</td>
42 <td>%(phone)s</td><td>%(os)s</td></tr>
43 </table>
44
45 <br /><br /><br />
46
47 <div style = "text-align: center; font-size: 8pt">
48 This is only a sample form.
49 You have not been added to a mailing list.
50 </div></center>

51 """ % personInfo
52
Outline
53 def printPhoneError():
54
55 print """<span style = "color: red; font-size 15pt"> fig35_18.py
56 INVALID PHONE NUMBER</span><br /> (3 of 4)
57 A valid phone number must be in the form
58 <span style = "font-weight: bold">(555)555-5555</span>
59 <span style = "color: blue"> Click the Back button,
60 enter a valid phone number and resubmit.</span><br /><br />
61 Thank You."""
62
63 def printFormError():
64
65 print """<span style = "color: red; font-size 15pt">
66 FORM ERROR</span><br />
67 You have not filled in all fields.
69 fill out the form and resubmit.</span><br /><br />
70 Thank You."""
71
72 printContent()
73
74 form = cgi.FieldStorage()
75

76 try:
personInfo = { 'firstName' : form[ "firstname" ].value,
77
Outline
78 'lastName' : form[ "lastname" ].value,
79 'email' : form[ "email" ].value,
80 'phone' : form[ "phone" ].value, fig35_18.py
81 'book' : form[ "book" ].value, (4 of 4)
82 'os' : form[ "os" ].value }
83 except KeyError:
84 printFormError()
85
86 if telephoneExpression.match( personInfo[ 'phone' ] ):
87 printReply()
88 else:
89 printPhoneError()

35.8 Cookies
• Small text files

– State information
• Username
• Password
• Specific information helpful when user returns
• Etc.

1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
2 "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
Outline
3 "DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
4 
5 fig35_19.html
6 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang = "en" (1 of 2)
7 lang = "en">
8 <head>
9 <title>Writing a cookie to the client computer</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body style = "background-image: images/back.gif;
13 font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt" >
14
15 <span style = "font-size: 15pt; font-weight: bold">
16 Click Write Cookie to save your cookie data.
17 </span><br />
18
20 <span style = "font-weight: bold">Name:</span><br />
21 <input type = "text" name = "name" /><br />
22 <span style = "font-weight: bold">Height:</span><br />
23 <input type = "text" name = "height" /><br />
24 <span style = "font-weight: bold">Favorite Color</span><br />
25 <input type = "text" name = "color" /><br />

26 <input type = "submit" value = "Write Cookie" />
</form>
27
Outline
28
29 </body>
30 </html> fig35_19.html
(2 of 2)

1 #!C:\Python\python.exe
2 # Fig. 35.20: fig35_20.py
Outline
3 # Writing a cookie to a client's machine
4
5 import cgi fig35_20.py
6 import Cookie (1 of 3)
7 import time
8
9 def printContent():
11 print
12 print """
14 lang="en">
15 <head><title>Cookie values</title></head>"""
16
17 form = cgi.FieldStorage() # get form information
18
19 try: # extract form values
20 name = form[ "name" ].value
21 height = form[ "height" ].value
22 color = form[ "color" ].value
23 except KeyError:
24 printContent()
25 print """<body><h3>You have not filled in all fields.

fill out the form and resubmit.<br /><br />
27
Outline
28 Thank You. </span></h3>"""
29 else:
30 fig35_20.py
31 # construct cookie expiration date and path (2 of 3)
32 expirationFormat = "%A, %d-%b-%y %X %Z"
33 expirationTime = time.localtime( time.time() + 300 )
34 expirationDate = time.strftime( expirationFormat,
35 expirationTime )
36 path = "/"
37
38 # construct cookie contents
39 cookie = Cookie.SimpleCookie()
40
41 cookie[ "Name" ] = name
42 cookie[ "Name" ][ "expires" ] = expirationDate
43 cookie[ "Name" ][ "path" ] = path
44
45 cookie[ "Height" ] = height
46 cookie[ "Height" ][ "expires" ] = expirationDate
47 cookie[ "Height" ][ "path" ] = path
48
49 cookie[ "Color" ] = color
50 cookie[ "Color" ][ "expires" ] = expirationDate

51 cookie[ "Color" ][ "path" ] = path
52
Outline
53 # print cookie to user and page to browser
54 print cookie
55 fig35_20.py
56 printContent() (3 of 3)
57 print """<body style = "background-image: /images/back.gif;
58 font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt">
59 The cookie has been set with the following data: <br /><br />
60
61 <span style = "color: blue">Name:</span> %s<br />
62 <span style = "color: blue">Height:</span> %s<br />
63 <span style = "color: blue">Favorite Color:</span>
64 <span style = "color: %s"> %s</span><br />""" \
65 % ( name, height, color, color )
66
67 print """<br /><a href= "fig35_21.py">
68 Read cookie values</a>"""
69
70 print """</body></html>"""

1 #!C:\Python\python.exe
2 # Fig. 35.21: fig35_21.py
Outline
3 # Program that retrieves and displays client-side cookie values
4
5 import Cookie fig35_21.py
6 import os (1 of 2)
7
9 print
10 print """
12 lang="en">
13 <head><title>Cookie values</title></head>
14 <body style =
15 font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt">"""
16
17 try:
18 cookie = Cookie.SimpleCookie()
19 cookie.load( os.environ[ "HTTP_COOKIE" ] )
20 except KeyError:
21 print """<span style = "font-weight: bold">Error reading cookies
22 </span>"""
23 else:
24 print """<span style = "font-weight: bold">
25 The following data is saved in a cookie on your computer.

26 </span><br /><br />"""
27
Outline
28 print """<table style = "border-width: 5; border-spacing: 0;
29 padding: 10">"""
30 fig35_21.py
31 for item in cookie.keys(): (2 of 2)
32 print """<tr>
33 <td style = "background-color: lavender">%s</td>
34 <td style = "background-color: white">%s</td>
35 </tr>""" % ( item, cookie[ item ].value )
36
37 print """</table>"""
38

35.9 Database Application Programming
Interface (DB-API)
• Python Database Special Interest Group (SIG)
– Formed to develop a specification for Python database
application programming interface (DB-API)

35.9.1 Setup
• MySQL and the MySQLdb module must be

installed

35.9.2 Simple DB-API Program
• Lets user choose an author from XHTML drop-

down list
• User clicks button to query database
• Database query returns a list of all books by
author

2 # Fig. 35.22: fig35_22.py Outline
3 # A program to illustrate Python's database connectivity.
4 import MySQLdb
5 fig35_22.py
6 print "Content-type: text/html" (1 of 2)
7 print
8 print """
10 lang="en">
11 <head><title>Select Author</title></head>
12 <body style =
14
15 try:
16 connection = MySQLdb.connect( db = "books" )
17 except OperationalError:
18 print "Unable to connect to database: %s" % message
19 else:
20 cursor = connection.cursor()
21 cursor.execute( "SELECT * FROM Authors" )
22 authorList = cursor.fetchall()
23
24 cursor.close() # close cursor
25 connection.close() # close connection

26
print """
27
Outline
29 <select name = "authorID">"""
30 fig35_22.py
31 for author in authorList: (2 of 2)
32 print """<option value = %d>%s, %s</option>""" \
33 % ( author[ 0 ], author[ 2 ], author[ 1 ] )
34
35 print """
36 </select>
37 <input type = "submit" value = "Execute Query" />
38 </ form>"""
39

2 # Fig. 35.23: fig35_23.py
Outline
3 # A program to illustrate Python's database connectivity.
4
5 import cgi fig35_23.py
6 import MySQLdb 1 of 3
7 import sys
8
9 # get results from form
10 form = cgi.FieldStorage()
11
13 print
14 print """
16 lang="en">
17 <head><title>Query results</title></head>
18 <body style =
20
21 try:
22 authorID = form[ "authorID" ].value
23 except KeyError:
24 print """<span style = "color: red size = 15pt">
25 FORM ERROR</span><br />

26 You did not select an author.<br />
<span style = "color: blue"> Click the Back button,
27
Outline
28 fill out the form and resubmit.<br /><br />
29 Thank You.</span></body></html>"""
30 sys.exit() fig35_23.py
31 (2 of 3)
32 # connect to database and get cursor
33 try:
34 connection = MySQLdb.connect( db = 'books' )
35 except OperationalError:
36 print """<span style = "color: red size = 15pt">
37 DATABASE ERROR</span><br /> Unable to connect to database.
38 </body></html>"""
39 sys.exit()
40
41 queryString = """select Titles.* from Titles, AuthorISBN
42 where AuthorISBN.AuthorID=%s and
43 Titles.ISBN=AuthorISBN.ISBN""" % authorID
44
45 cursor = connection.cursor()
46 cursor.execute( queryString )
47
48 results = cursor.fetchall()
49
50 cursor.close() # close cursor

51 connection.close() # close connection
52
Outline
53 # display results
54 print """<table style = "border: groove 2 pt;
55 border-colapse: separate"> fig35_23.py
56 <tr> (3 of 3)
57 <th>ISBN</th>
58 <th>Title</th>
59 <th>Edition</th>
60 <th>Year</th>
61 <th>Description</th>
62 <th>Publisher ID</th>
63 </tr>"""
64
65 for row in results:
66 print "<tr>"
67
68 for entry in row:
69 print '<td style = "border: solid 2pt">%s</td>' % entry
70
71 print "</tr>"
72
73 print """</table></body></html>"""

Operator Type Associativity
' ' string conversion left to right
{ } dictionary creation left to right
[ ] list creation left to right
( ) tuple creation or expression grouping left to right
( ) function call left to right
[ : ] slicing left to right
[ ] subscript access left to right
. member access left to right
** exponentiation right to left
~ bitwise NOT left to right
+ unary plus right to left
- unary minus
* multiplication left to right
/ division
% modulus (remainder)
Fig. 35.24 Python operator precedence chart.

+ addition left to right
- subtraction
<< left shift left to right
>> right shift
& bitwise AND left to right
^ bitwise XOR left to right
| bitwise OR left to right
< less than left to right
<= less than or equal
> greater than
>= greater than or equal
!= not equal
== equal

is, is not identity left to right
in, not in membership tests left to right
not boolean NOT left to right
and boolean AND left to right
or boolean OR left to right
lambda lambda expressions (anonymous left to right
functions)

35.11 Web Resources
• www.python.org
• www.zope.com
• www.zope.org
• starship.python.net
• www.python.org/download/download_mac.html
• www.vex.net/parnassus
• www.pythonware.com
• starship.python.net/crew/davem/cgifaq/faqw.cgi
• www.devshed.com/Server_Side/Python/CGI
• starship.python.net/crew/aaron_watters/pws.html
• www.python.org/doc/howto/regex/regex.html
• www.python.org/windows/win32com
• gadfly.sourceforge.net
• aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Python/Cookbook
• www.python.org/windows/win32/odbc.html
• starship.python.net/crew/bwilk/access.html
• www.python.org/doc/Comparisons.html
• www.vic.auug.org.au/auugvic/av_paper_python.html
• www.networkcomputing.com/unixworld/tutorial/005/005.html

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Chapter 35 – Python

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• In this lesson, you will learn:

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Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit

Fig. 35.2 Python in interactive mode.

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Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit

Fig. 35.4 Printing Python keywords in interactive mode.

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Enter a positive integer: 2

Enter your favorite color: yellow

Enter your favorite color: green

Enter your favorite color: black

Enter your favorite color: purple

Enter your favorite color: red

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The first item in the tuple is 1

Used the += statement on the tuple

The raw tuple data is: (1, 'a', 3.0, 4)

The raw list data is: [0, 2, 3, 5]

Added an item to the list using the += statement

The items in the list are:

The entries in the dictionary are:

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• Enables programs and programmers to identify an

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Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit

Fig. 35.14 Interactive session illustrating a ZeroDivisionError exception.

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• Use Python on the Web

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