SCIENCE FORM 4

CHAPTER 5:
ENERGY AND
CHEMICAL
CHANGES
 5.2 HEAT CHANGE IN
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• There are two types of chemical reactions:
(i) Exothermic reactions 放热反应
- Reactions which release heat to the
surroundings
- Temperature of the surroundings
increases.
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
出产 / 放热反应
 (ii) Endothermic reactions 吸热反应
- Reactions which absorb heat from
the surroundings.
- Temperature of the surroundings
decreases.
During chemical reactions, old bonds
in the reactants are broken and new
bonds in the products are formed.
The breaking down of old bonds
absorbs heat energy whereas the
formation of new bonds releases heat
energy.
 (i) Exothermic (ii) Endothermic
reactions reactions

Forming a new bond releases Breaking an old bond absorbs

heat energy heat energy
• In exothermic reactions, the heat energy
absorbed to break the old bonds in the
reactants is less than the heat energy
released when new bonds are formed in the
products. There is a net of heat energy loss.
• The temperature of the surroundings increases
due to the heat energy that is released.

•
• In endothermic reactions, the heat energy
absorbed to break the old bonds in the
reactants is greater than the heat energy
released when the new bonds are formed in the
products. There is a net of heat energy gain.
• The temperature of the surroundings decreases
due to heat energy is absorbed from the
surroundings.
 5.2 HEAT CHANGE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

In exothermic reactions, the heat energy absorbed to

break the old bonds in the reactants is less than the heat
energy released when the new bonds are formed in the
products
 5.2 HEAT CHANGE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

In endothermic reactions, the heat energy absorbed to

break the old bonds in the reactants is greater than the
heat energy released when the new bonds are formed in
the products
SCIENCE MODULE P.99

Exothermic
Endothermic
Exothermic
Endothermic
reaction
Exothermic
reaction
DISPLACEMENT OF METAL

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Hf7PH9ZYgA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UII0P3btVNI
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS

A. The production of ammonia

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMkzxV_y
7tY
B. The production of sulphuric acid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mym1rRPX
6F4
AMMONIA
 A. THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA
- HABER PROCESS
• Ammonia is an important material for making
nitrogenous fertilisers.
• In the Haber process, nitrogen and hydrogen gases
are mixed together. The mixture is passed over an
iron catalyst 催化剂.
Iron catalyst
Nitrogen + Hydrogen Ammonia
450 °C
200 atm
 Haber
process
Leftover
5.2 HEAT CHANGE INH2CHEMICAL
+ N2 REACTIONS

Coolant out

H2 + N2 Condenser

Reactor Coolant in

Liquid ammonia

Iron
catalyst
SCIENCE MODULE P.102
B. The Production of Sulphuric Acid -
CONTACT PROCESS
• Step 1: Sulphur is burnt in air to produce
sulphur dioxide.
Sulphur + Oxygen Sulphur
dioxide
• Step 2: A mixture of sulphur dioxide and
air are passed over Vanadium(V)
oxide (catalyst) at 450 °C to produce
sulphur trioxide.
 Vanadium(V)
oxide catalyst
Sulphur dioxide + Oxygen Sulphur trioxide

450 °C

• Step 3: Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in

concentrated sulphuric acid to
produce oleum.
Sulphur + Concentrated Oleum
trioxide sulphuric acid
• Step 4: The oleum is diluted with water to
produce concentrated sulphuric
acid.
Oleum + Water Concentrated
sulphuric acid
 Contact
process
5.2 HEAT CHANGE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Concentrated
sulphuric acid

Waste
Vanadium(V) gas
Sulphur
oxide
(catalyst)
SO2 + O2 SO3

Dry air
Oleum
Furnace Converter Absorber
Water
Concentrated
sulphuric acid
OLEUM
• Oleum (Latin oleum, meaning oil), or fuming sulfuric
acid, is a solution of various compositions of sulfur
trioxide in sulfuric acid, or sometimes more specifically
to disulfuric acid (also known as pyrosulfuric acid).
• Oleums can be described by the formula ySO3.H2O
where y is the total molar sulfur trioxide content.
SCIENCE MODULE P.103
PEKA 2 SCIENCE MODULE P.100

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJhjdFEHDv8
• Endothermic reaction
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POSsNRnK-_c
• Exothermic reaction
 AMMONIA
• The human body makes ammonia when the body breaks
down foods containing protein into amino acids and
ammonia, then converting the ammonia into urea.
• Ammonium hydroxide – commonly known as household
ammonia – is an ingredient in many everyday household
cleaning products.
• Ammonia is a basic building block for ammonium nitrate
fertilizer, which releases nitrogen, an essential nutrient for
growing plants, including farm crops and lawns.
 USES OF AMMONIA
• Ammonia in Fertiliser
• Ammonia in Household Cleaning Products
-used as a refrigerant gas and in air-conditioning equipment
-to purify water supplies and as a building block in the
manufacture of many products including plastics, explosives,
fabrics, pesticides and dyes
-used in the waste and wastewater treatment, cold storage,
rubber, pulp and paper and food and beverage industries as a
stabilizer, neutraliser.
 USES OF SULPHURIC ACID
• The major use of sulfuric acid is in the production of fertilisers,
e.g., superphosphate of lime and ammonium sulfate.
• used in the manufacture of chemicals, e.g., in making
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfate salts, synthetic
detergents, dyes and pigments, explosives, and drugs.
• used in petroleum refining to wash impurities out of gasoline
and other refinery products.
• Rayon is made with sulfuric acid.
• It serves as the electrolyte in the lead-acid storage battery
commonly used in motor vehicles
 CHAPTER 5: ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
QUIZ
9. An endothermic reaction is one in which
A. heat is absorbed from the surrounding
B. heat is released to the surroundings
C. heat is neither released nor absorbed
D. temperature of the surroundings
increases