EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE

OF THE STATE AND

DEMOCRATIZATION
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION:
The Neolithic Revolution, also called
Agricultural Revolution, was the wide scale
transition of many human cultures from
lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of
agriculture and settlement, allowing the ability
to support an increasingly large population.
These settled communities permitted humans
to observe and experiment with plants to learn
how they grow and develop. This knowledge
and ways led to domestication of plants.
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION:
The Neolithic Revolution was a
fundamental change in the way people
lived. The shift from hunting and
gathering to agriculture led to
permanent settlements, the
establishment of social classes, and
the eventual rise of civilizations. The
Neolithic Revolution is a major
turning point in human history.
EFFECTS:
The Neolithic Revolution
changed the way humans
lived. The use of agriculture
allowed humans to develop
permanent settlements,
social classes, and new
technologies.
EFFECTS:
Some of these early groups
settled in the fertile valleys of
the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates,
Yellow, and Indus Rivers.
This resulted in the rise of the
great civilizations in Egypt,
Mesopotamia, China & India.
WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?
A civilization is:
1. Any complex society
characterized by urban
development
2. Social stratification
3. Symbolic communication
forms (writing systems)
WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?

A civilization is:
4. A perceived separation
from and domination over
the natural environment by
a cultural elite.
1. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
 1. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
- First civilization to emerge on planet earth
- Timeline: around 3300 BC – 750 BC
- Mesopotamia was the first place where
civilized societies truly began
- People found the concept of agriculture
- Started domesticating animals for food
and to assist in agriculture
- Creating art as part of human culture
 1. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

- Prospered in the regions of modern day

Iraq
- Later known as Babylonia, Sumer and
Assyria highlands
2. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
 2. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
- Rose in the region of the Indus River
- Timeline: lasted around 2600BC–1900BC
- Extending from northeast Afghanistan to
Pakistan & northwest India
- One of the 3 early civilizations
- Covering an area of 1.25 million sq. km.
- People were settled around the basins of
the Indus River
 2. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
- Also known as Harappa civilization and
Mohenjo-Daro civilization
- Has a sophisticated and technologically
advanced urban culture
- People were accurate in measuring length,
mass, and time
- Culture was richer in arts and crafts
3. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 3. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
- One of the oldest and culturally richest
civilizations
- Timeline: estimated at 3500BC-3150BC
- Known for their prodigious (amazing or
wonderful) culture
- Famous for their standing pyramids and
the sphinx (creature with the body of a lion
and the head of a person)
 3. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
- Known to be ruled by pharaohs
- People resided by the banks of the Nile
River
- Made the first solar calendars
- Made mummies that preserved the ancient
Pharaohs to this day
- Remembered for their Hieroglyphics
(system of writing mainly in pictorial
characters)
4. MAYAN CIVILIZATION
 4. MAYAN CIVILIZATION
- Flourished in Central America
- Timeline: about 2600 BC
- Became one of the most sophisticated
civilizations with a booming population of
about 19 million at its peak
- Devised their own way of writing
- Created their own solar calendars carved
in the stones
 4. MAYAN CIVILIZATION
- Ancient Mayans were culturally richer
- The Mayans & Aztecs both built pyramids,
many of which are larger than those in
Egypt
- Suddenly collapsed sometime during the
8th or 9th centuries (the reason is still
unknown today)
5. CHINESE CIVILIZATION
 5. CHINESE CIVILIZATION
- Ancient China is also known as Han China
- Has doubtlessly one of the most diverse
history
- The Yellow River Civilization is said to be
the cradle of the entire Chinese civilization
- The Xia dynasty became the first to rule
the entire China
- Qing dynasty was the last which ended in
1912 AD
 5. CHINESE CIVILIZATION
- Gave the world some of the most useful
inventions and products such as gunpowder,
paper, printing, compass, alcohol, cannons,
and many more.
6. ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION
 6. ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION

- One of the most influential civilizations

- Timeline: Around 7250 BC
- The history of this civilization is divided
into different periods
- The Archaic classical and Hellenistic period
are the most popular periods.
- These periods saw a number of ancient
Greeks come into limelight
 6. ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION

- The Greeks created the base for modern

geometry, biology, physics and whatnot
- Pythagoras, Archimedes, Socrates, Euclid,
Plato, Aristotle, Alexander the Great, were
some of the famous & excellent Greeks
7. THE PERSIAN CIVILIZATION
 7. THE PERSIAN CIVILIZATION

- Was once the most powerful empires in

the world
- Conquered lands that covered over two
million square miles
- The Persian Empire was known for its
military strength and wise rulers
- King Cyrus II (Cyrus the Great) unified the
entire Persian Kingdom
 7. THE PERSIAN CIVILIZATION
- Cyrus the Great then conquered the
ancient Babylon
- By the end of 533 BC he had already
conquered India
- Ancient Persia ruled all over Central Asia,
much of Europe and Egypt
- Alexander the Great brought the whole
Persian Empire down to its knees and
effectively ended the civilization in 530 BC
8. THE ROMAN CIVILIZATION
 8. THE ROMAN CIVILIZATION

- The Roman Civilization came into picture

around the 6th century BC
- The foundation of ancient Rome is
something of a legend, it’s full of myths
- Early Rome was governed by kings, but
after only seven of them had ruled, the
Romans took power over their own city and
ruled themselves
 8. THE ROMAN CIVILIZATION

- Rome saw the rise and fall of some of the

greatest emperors in human civilization, like
Julius Caesar, Trajan and Augustus
- The Roman Empire in the end was overrun
by millions of barbarians from the north and
east Europe
9. THE AZTECS CIVILIZATION
 9. THE AZTECS CIVILIZATION

- Came in the scenario pretty much

around the time when the Incas were
appearing as the powerful contenders in
South America
- Around the 1200s and early 1300s,
the people in present day Mexico used
to live in 3 big rival cities – Tenochtitlan,
Texcoco and Tlacopan
 9. THE AZTECS CIVILIZATION

- In the early 1500s, the Aztec civilization

was indeed at the height of its power
- But then, Spanish arrived with their
expansion plans
- This eventually led to a huge battle
between the Incas and the alliance of
Spanish conquistadors and the native allies
they had assembled led by the famous
Hernan Cortes in 1521
 9. THE AZTECS CIVILIZATION

- A defeat in this decisive battle

eventually led to the fall of once famous
Aztec empire
10. THE INCAS CIVILIZATION
 10. THE INCAS CIVILIZATION

- The Incas was the largest Empire in

North America in the Pre-Columbian era
- This civilization flourished in the areas
of present day Ecuador, Peru & Chile &
had its administrative, military and
political center located at Cusco which
lies in modern day Peru
 10. THE INCAS CIVILIZATION
- The Incas were devout followers of the
Sun God Inti
- They had a king who was referred to
as “Sapa Inca” meaning the child of the
Sun
- The first Inca emperor Pachacuti
transformed it from a modest village to
a great city laid out in the shape of a
puma
 10. THE INCAS CIVILIZATION

- Pachacuti went to expand the tradition

of ancestor worship
- When he died, his son would get all
the power, but all his wealth would be
distributed among his other relatives,
who would in return preserve his
mummy and sustain his political
influence
 10. THE INCAS CIVILIZATION

- This significantly led to a sudden rise

in power of the Incas
- The Incas went on to become great
builders and went to build fortresses
and sites like Machu Picchu and the city
of Cusco that still stand to this day
 FINAL CONCLUSION
The modern day cultures and
civilizations owe a lot to the first of the
civilization that originated after millions
of years of evolution in human history.
Each individual civilization contributed
in many ways – new inventions, and the
new ideas, new cultures, philosophies,
lifestyles & what not.
 THE RISE OF THE STATE
The birth of the state was a long and
complex process and not easy to study.
Archaeology is currently supplying the
decisive details in the subject; the
degree & scale of political integration,
the economic foundations and the
nature of power in a society call all be
got at through observing spatial
configurations of sites.
 DEMOCRATIZATION
It is the transition to a more democratic
political regime. It may be the transition
from an authoritarian regime to a full
democracy, a transition from an
authoritarian political system to a semi-
democracy or transition from a semi-
authoritarian political system to a
democratic political system.
 DEMOCRATIZATION
Democratization itself is influenced by
various factors, including economic
development, history and civil society.
The ideal result from democratization is
to ensure that the people have the right
to vote and have a voice in their
political system.
CAUSES OF DEMOCRATIZATION
1. Wealth. One study finds that
economic development prompts
democratization but only in their
medium run (10-20 years). Another
study suggests that economic
development depends on the political
stability of a country to promote
democracy.
CAUSES OF DEMOCRATIZATION
2. Social equality. Democracy is more
stable in an egalitarian societies.
3. Culture. It is claimed that certain
cultures are simply more conducive to
democratic values than others.
4. Foreign intervention. Democracies
have often been imposed by military
intervention, example Japan & Germany
CAUSES OF DEMOCRATIZATION
5. Education. Research shows that
education leads to greater political
tolerance, increases the likelihood of
political participation and reduces
inequality.