Revision

• What is Test Jig Method in DFT ?

• List out some applications of Operational Amplifier.
• How can the cross talk be reduced ?
• What are the different reliability figures?
• A certain software product has mean time between failures of 10,000
hours and has a mean time to repair of 20 hours. What is its availability?
Answer: (a) 80 % (b) 90% (c) 99.8% (d) 100%
 Parameter TTL CMOS
Basic gate NAND INVERTER
Circuit Transistor-Transistor Complementary MOS
Speed of operation More Less
Propagation delay per gate 4 - 12 ns 50 ns
Nominal supply voltage 5V 3 to 15 V
Wired collector capability With passive pull up With tristate output
Fan-out 10 50
Noise immunity Good Very good to excellent
Compatibility With DTL Compatible with TTL for 5 V
Available functions Very high High
 Function Generator
• Electronic test equipment used to generate electrical waveforms over a wide
range of frequencies
 Applications

• Used for test and repair of electronic equipment

• Used as a signal source to test amplifiers

• Used to introduce an error signal into a control loop

• Used for working with analog circuits

• Pulse generators are primarily used for working with digital

circuits.
Operation
XR 2206-Function Generator IC

X
R
2
2
0
6
Block Diagram of XR 2206-Function Generator IC
 Features of XR 2206-Function Generator IC

• Output waveforms is externally amplitude and frequency modulated

• Frequency of operation 0.01Hz to 1MHz.

• Oscillator frequency can be linearly swept over a 2000:1 frequency range

with an external control voltage

• Applications
Communications
Instrumentation
Applications requiring sinusoidal tone, AM, FM, or FSK generation
 Switched Mode Power Supply(SMPS)

• Uses a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently

• Uses switching devices that are turned on and off at high frequencies

• Uses storage components to supply power when the switching device

is in its non-conduction state

 Applications of SMPS

• Personal computers
• Machine tool industries
• Security system
• Railway system
• Mobile phone
• Battery charger
• Vehicles
 LPS vs SMPS
Linear Power Supply(LPS) SMPS

Consists of linear regulators Consists of switching regulators/

components
Block Diagram of LPS
 LPS vs SMPS
Linear Power Supply(LPS) SMPS

• Only step down and produce lower • Cut off and Saturation modes
voltage

• Simpler design • Complex design

• High ripple w r t LPS
• Very low ripple content
• Compact & Lighter
• Heavy
• Good for High Wattage applications
• Not good for High Wattage
Applications
 LPS vs SMPS
Linear Power Supply(LPS) SMPS

•Efficiency 40-55% •Efficiency 85-95%

•More reliable •Reliability depends on the transistor used

for switching
•Faster transient response
•Slower transient response
•No RF interference
•RF shielding is required as switching
produces more RF interference.
PARAMETERS LPS SMPS

Efficiency Low efficiency High Efficiency

Voltage Regulation by voltage regulator. By feedback circuit.

Weight Bulky Less bulky

depends on transistors used for
Reliability More reliable
switching

Complexity Less complex More complex

Transient response Faster response Slower response.

PARAMETERS LPS SMPS
RF shielding is required as switching
RF interference No RF interference
produces RF interference.
Noise and
Quite significant
Electromagnetic Immune
(EMI filters are required)
interference
Used in
• Audio frequency
Applications applications
• RF applications.
Applications of SMPS

• Computer motherboard

• mobile phone chargers

• HVDC measurements

• Battery chargers

• Central power distribution

• Motor vehicles

• Consumer electronics
SMPS-Block Diagram
Input Input High Output
230V,50Hz Rectifier Frequency Rectifier
and Filter Converter and Filter
15 to
50KHZ

Control
Circuit
SMPS-Functional Block Diagram

Compares Vout & Vref

and regulate
Classification of SMPS Flyback converters

Push-Pull
Isolated
converters

Half bridge
converters
SMPS
Boost converters

Buck-Boost
Non-Isolated
converters

Cuk converters
 SMPS-Advantages
• Lighter and reduced cost
• Increased efficiency

SMPS-Disadvantages
• Increased switching losses due to high frequency switching
• ‘Radio Frequency Interferences’ occur in neighbouring circuits
• Very high ripple(100mV)
 Ideal Amplifier

Three main properties:

• Input Resistance or (RIN)

• Output Resistance or (ROUT)

• Amplification

[Gain or (A)]
 Configuration Amplifier
Signal Operating Frequency
Type Classification
Small Common
Class A DC
Signal Emitter
Common Base Class B Audio Frequency

Large Common
Class AB Radio Frequency
Signal Collector

Class C VHF, UHF and SHF

 Theoretical Signal
Class Q-point location
Efficiency Distortion

None, if correctly
A 25-30 % Middle point DC load line
biased

At x-axis
B 70-80 % on Vce axis on load line

Beyond the load line on the Large amounts

C >80%
horizontal axis
AB 50-70% Between Horizontal axis and Small Amounts
centre of load line
Amplifier Class Comparison